Salami slicing tactics

Salami slicing tactics, also known as salami slicing, salami tactics, the salami-slice strategy, or salami attacks,[1] is the practice of using a series of many small actions to produce a much larger action or result that would be difficult or unlawful to perform all at once.

Politically, the term is used to describe a divide and conquer process of threats and alliances used to overcome opposition. With it, an aggressor can influence and eventually dominate a landscape, typically political, in piecemeal fashion. Opposition is eliminated "slice by slice" until its members realize, usually too late, that it has been virtually neutralized in its entirety. In some cases, the tactics include the creation of several factions within an opposing political party, followed by its dismantling from the inside, without giving the affected parties the opportunity to protest or react. Salami tactics are most likely to succeed when its perpetrators keep their true long-term motives hidden and maintain a posture of cooperativeness and helpfulness while engaged in gradual subversion.[2]

Financially, the term "salami attack" is used to describe schemes by which large sums are fraudulently accumulated by repeated transfers of imperceptibly small sums of money.[3]

Origins

It was commonly believed that the term salami tactics (Hungarian: szalámitaktika) was coined in the late 1940s by Stalinist dictator Mátyás Rákosi to describe the actions of the Hungarian Communist Party in its ultimately successful drive for complete power in Hungary.[4][5] Noting that "salami, an expensive food, is not eaten all at once, but is cut one slice at a time," Rákosi claimed he destroyed Hungary's leading, center-right, Smallholders' Party through a "step-by-step approach ... known as the 'Salami tactic,' and thanks to it we were able, day after day, to slice off, to cut up the reactionary forces skulking in the Smallholders' Party."[6][7][8] By portraying his opponents as fascists (or at the very least fascist sympathizers), Rákosi was able to get the opposition to push out its own right wing, then its center, then most of its left wing, leaving only "fellow travellers" willing to collaborate with the Communists.[5][9]

However, according to historian Norman Stone, the term might have been invented by Hungarian Independence Party leader Zoltán Pfeiffer, a hardline anti-communist opponent of Rákosi.[10]

Thomas C. Schelling wrote in his 1966 book Arms and Influence:[11]

Salami tactics, we can be sure, were invented by a child […] Tell a child not to go in the water and he’ll sit on the bank and submerge his bare feet; he is not yet ‘in’ the water. Acquiesce, and he’ll stand up; no more of him is in the water than before. Think it over, and he’ll start wading, not going any deeper; take a moment to decide whether this is different and he’ll go a little deeper, arguing that since he goes back and forth it all averages out. Pretty soon we are calling to him not to swim out of sight, wondering whatever happened to all our discipline.

Financial schemes

Computerized banking systems make it possible to repeatedly divert tiny amounts of money, typically due to rounding off, to a beneficiary's account. This general concept is used in popular automatic-savings apps.[12] It has also been said to be behind fraudulent schemes, whereby bank transactions calculated to the nearest smallest unit of currency leave unaccounted-for fractions of a unit, for fraudsters to divert into other amounts.[13] Snopes in 2001 dismissed the fact of such embezzlement schemes as a legend.[14]

In Los Angeles, in October 1998, district attorneys charged four men with fraud for allegedly installing computer chips in gasoline pumps that cheated consumers by overstating the amounts pumped.[15]

In 2008, a man was arrested for fraudulently creating 58,000 accounts which he used to collect money through verification deposits from online brokerage firms, a few cents at a time.[16]

In 1996, a fare box serviceman in Edmonton, Canada, was sentenced to four years' imprisonment for stealing coins from the city's transit agency fare boxes. Over 13 years, he stole 37 tonnes of coins, with a face value of nearly CA$2.4 million, using a magnet to lift the coins (made primarily of steel or nickel at the time) out of the fare boxes one at a time.[17]

In Buffalo, New York, a fare box serviceman stole more than US$200,000 in quarters from the local transit agency over an eight-year period stretching from 2003 to 2011, and was sentenced to thirty months in prison.[18]

China's salami slice strategy
Main article: Chinese salami slicing strategy

The European Parliament Think Tank has accused China of using the salami slice strategy to gradually increase its presence in the South China Sea.[19]

Salami slicing in scientific publishing

Scientists are often evaluated by a number of papers published and similar criteria. In this context, salami slicing refers to "fragmenting single coherent bodies of research into as many publications as possible".[20] If the fragment is too small it may be too hard to publish, so this includes forming minimal publishable items. It can be harder to collect, digest, understand and evaluate the research when scattered in a number of sources. It also leads to repetitive descriptions of context, bibliography lists and so on. Regarding that it is costly to scientific dissemination process, it is often considered a bad practice[21] or even unethical.[22] Some authors managed to divide the research to the extremal proportions.[23] Salami slicing "can result in a distortion of the literature by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (i.e., journal article) is derived from a different subject sample".[24]

Cultural references

Film

In the 2016 film Arrival, Agent Halpern mentions a Hungarian word meaning to eliminate your enemies one by one. It is thought that this alludes to szalámitaktika.[25][26]

Salami slicing has played a key role in the plots of several films, including Hackers, Superman III, and Office Space.[14] In the latter film, the characters reference Superman III as inspiration.

Television

Salami tactics are discussed by the British Chief Scientific Adviser in the Yes, Prime Minister episode, "The Grand Design".[27]

In a 1972 episode of the TV series M*A*S*H, Radar attempts to ship an entire Jeep home from Korea one piece at a time. Hawkeye commented that his mailman "would have a retroactive hernia" if he found out.[28] The 1987 TV movie Perry Mason: The Case of the Murdered Madam features a murder trial involving the transfer of fractional cents by bank employees.

Music

Johnny Cash's "One Piece at a Time" has a similar plot to the aforementioned M*A*S*H episode, but with a Cadillac made up of parts spanning model years 1949 through 1973.[29]

See also

References
  1. Slantchev, Branislav. "Deterrence and Compellence" (PDF). ucsd.edu. University of California at San Diego. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  2. "Salami Tactics". www.johndclare.net. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  3. Ince, Darrel (19 September 2013). "Salami attack". Dictionary of the Internet. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-174415-0.
  4. Bullock, Alan, edited by Alan Bullock and Oliver Stallybrass The Harper dictionary of modern thought Archived 2017-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, Harper & Row, 1977.
  5. Time Magazine. "Hungary: Salami Tactics" Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine Time Magazine (April 14, 1952). Retrieved March 15, 2011
  6. Gough, Roger (2006). A Good Comrade: Janos Kadar, Communism and Hungary. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. p. 30.
  7. Shawcross, William (1974). Crime and Compromise: Janos Kadar and the Politics of Hungary. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 54.
  8. Molnar, Miklos (1971). Budapest 1956: A History of the Hungarian Revolution. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 110.
  9. Safire, William, Safire's Political Dictionary Archived 2016-12-08 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, 2008 (revised), p.639, ISBN 0-19-534334-4, ISBN 978-0-19-534334-2.
  10. Stone, Norman (2019). Hungary: A Short History.
  11. Schelling, Thomas C. (2020-03-17). Arms and Influence. Yale University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-300-25348-1.
  12. Cherkaev, Xenia (March 29, 2019). "High-Frequency Gleaning and Usufruct Freedom". Cultural Anthropology.
  13. Kabay, M E (24 July 2002). "Salami fraud". Network World. Archived from the original on 18 June 2005.
  14. Mikkelson, David (22 February 2001). "The Salami Embezzlement Technique". Snopes. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  15. Salami fraud Archived 2020-11-11 at the Wayback Machine By M. E. Kabay Network World Security Newsletter, 07/24/02
  16. "Hacker takes $50,000 a few cents at a time". PC Pro. 2008-05-28.
  17. Henton, Darcy (27 Dec 2010). "LRT thief stole nearly $2.4 million, one coin at a time". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  18. "Convicted parking meter thief amassed $210,000 in stolen cash — all of it in quarters". National Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Associated Press. August 17, 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  19. "China tightens its grip over the South China Sea" (PDF).
  20. "The cost of salami slicing". Nature Materials. 4 (1): 1. 2005. Bibcode:2005NatMa...4....1.. doi:10.1038/nmat1305. S2CID 195292075.
  21. Academy, Enago (2015-11-16). "Salami Slicing in Research Publications". Enago Academy. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  22. "Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing". ori.hhs.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  23. Abrahams, Marc (2018-03-03). "Scientific Salami Slicing: 33 Papers from 1 Study". improbable.com. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  24. "Factsheet: Salami Slicing" (PDF). Elsevier.
  25. Béni, Alexandra (20 November 2016). "A Hungarian expression is mentioned in Arrival, the sci-fi movie of the year". Daily News Hungary. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  26. "Arrival - Trivia". IMDb. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  27. "Yes, Prime Minister - The Grand Design". YouTube. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  28. "Season 1 Ep 12". M*A*S*H. Archived from the original on 2010-01-26. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  29. "One Step at a Time".

Further reading
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