Salvelinus

Salvelinus is a genus of salmonid fish often called char[2] or charr; some species are called "trout". Salvelinus is a member of the subfamily Salmoninae within the family Salmonidae. The genus has a northern circumpolar distribution, and most of its members are typically cold-water fish that primarily inhabit fresh waters. Many species also migrate to the sea.

"Charr" redirects here. For other uses, see Charr (disambiguation).

Salvelinus
Temporal range: Late Miocene - present[1]
Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus alpinus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Subfamily: Salmoninae
Genus: Salvelinus
J. Richardson, 1836
Type species
Salvelinus umbla
Subgenera
  • Baione DeKay, 1842
  • Cristovomer Walbaum, 1792
  • Salvelinus J. Richardson, 1836

Most char may be identified by light-cream, pink, or red spots over a darker body. Scales tend to be small, with 115–200 along the lateral line. The pectoral, pelvic, anal, and the lower aspect of caudal fins are trimmed in snow white or cream leading edges.

Many members of this genus are popular sport fish, and a few, such as lake trout (S. namaycush) and arctic char (S. alpinus) are objects of commercial fisheries and/or aquaculture. Occasionally such fish escape and become invasive species.

Deepwater char are small species of char living below 80 m in the deep areas of certain lakes. They are highly sensitive to changes in the quality of the water and one species, Salvelinus neocomensis, was driven to extinction in the twentieth century.[3]

Etymology

The origin of the name "char" or "charr" is unknown, but was perhaps from Celtic, such as the Irish word ceara meaning "fiery red" (found in some Celtic personal names), likely for the bright red belly of the Arctic char; or perhaps borrowed from Middle Low German schar meaning "flounder, dab"; or from Proto-Germanic *skardaz or *skeraną meaning "to cut or shear", possibly referring to its sherd-like shape.[4]

Taxonomy

There are currently three subgenera in the genus Salvelinus: Baione, Cristovomer, and Salvelinus sensu stricto. Baione, the most basal clade in the genus, contains the brook trout (S. fontinalis), and the presumably extinct silver trout (S. agassizii). Cristovomer contains only the lake trout (S. namaycush). All other species are in the subgenus Salvelinus. If the long-finned char (Salvethymus svetovidovi) is considered a member of the genus Salvelinus, it would be classified in the subgenus Salvethymus, adding a fourth subgenus.[5][6]

Species diversity

As with other salmonid genera, the delimitation of species in Salvelinus is controversial. FishBase in 2015 listed 54 species or subspecies in this genus, many of which have very narrow local distributions. Fourteen localised species are listed from the British Isles alone, although these traditionally, and still by the national conservation and fisheries authorities, are all considered to represent the widespread Arctic charr (S. alpinus). Twenty species are listed from the Asian part of Russia, including several localised taxa from in each of the Kamchatka, Chukotka and Taimyr peninsulas. One of these is the long-finned char, which phylogenetically is part of the Salvelinus group but has been so far classified into its own monotypic genus Salvethymus.[7]

The Arctic char (S. alpinus) is the most broadly distributed Salvelinus species. It has a circumpolar distribution, and it is considered the most northern of all freshwater fishes. In North America, five relatively well defined species are present, which, apart from the Arctic char, comprise the brook trout (S. fontinalis), bull trout (S. confluentus), Dolly Varden trout (S. malma) and lake trout (S. namaycush).

This listing presents the taxa recognised in FishBase grouped by geography:

Circumpolar

Europe
Central Europe
Salvelinus killinensis, Scotland
British Isles

Scotland and adjacent islands:

Salvelinus alpinus, Salvelinus colii and Salvelinus grayi, Irish taxa

England and Wales:

  • Salvelinus lonsdalii Regan, 1909
  • Salvelinus perisii (Günther, 1865)
  • Salvelinus willughbii (Günther, 1862)

Ireland:

Northern Europe

Iceland and Atlantic islands:

Fennoscandia and Northwest Russia:

Asia
Arctic drainages
Whitespotted char, Salvelinus leucomaenis
  • Salvelinus alpinus erythrinus (Georgi, 1775) – davatchan
  • Salvelinus jacuticus Borisov, 1935 – Yakutian char
  • Salvelinus taimyricus Mikhin, 1949
  • Salvelinus taranetzi Kaganowsky, 1955 – Taranets char
  • Salvelinus tolmachoffi L. S. Berg, 1926 – Lake Yessey char
  • Salvethymus svetovidovi Chereshnev & Skopets, 1990 – long-finned char: phylogenetically part of the Salvelinus clade[7]]
Pacific drainages
  • Salvelinus albus Glubokovsky, 1977 – white char
  • Salvelinus curilus (Pallas, 1814) (= S. malma krascheninnikova Taranetz, 1933 – southern Dolly Varden
  • Salvelinus gritzenkoi Vasil'eva & Stygar, 2000
Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis
Dolly Varden trout, Salvelinus malma

North America
Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush

Atlantic drainages

Pacific & Arctic drainages

Hybrids
  • S. alpinus × S. fontinalis – Alsatian char
  • S. namaycush × S. fontinalis – splake, brookinaw
  • S. fontinalis × Salmo trutta – tiger trout
  • S. leucomaensis x O. masou – river mackerel, Kawasaba

References
  1. Sepkoski (2002)
  2. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Char" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 855.
  3. Red List - Volume 1: Vertebrates (2009) - General assessment for the vertebrate groups Archived 2013-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
  4. Wright, L. (1996). Sources of London English: Medieval Thames Vocabulary. United Kingdom: Clarendon Press, p. 107
  5. Phillips, RUTH B.; Oakley, TODD H. (1997-01-01), Kocher, Thomas D.; Stepien, Carol A. (eds.), "CHAPTER 10 - Phylogenetic Relationships among the Salmoninae Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequences", Molecular Systematics of Fishes, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 145–162, ISBN 978-0-12-417540-2, retrieved 2020-08-05
  6. Śliwińska-Jewsiewicka, A.; Kuciński, M.; Kirtiklis, L.; Dobosz, S.; Ocalewicz, K.; Jankun, Malgorzata (2015). "Chromosomal characteristics and distribution of rDNA sequences in the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)". Genetica. 143 (4): 425–432. doi:10.1007/s10709-015-9841-6. ISSN 0016-6707. PMC 4486110. PMID 25958180.
  7. Alexander G. Osinov, Anna L. Senchukova, Nikolai S. Mugue, Sergei D. Pavlov, Igor A. Chereshnev (2015) Speciation and genetic divergence of three species of charr from ancient Lake El'gygytgyn (Chukotka) and their phylogenetic relationships with other representatives of the genus Salvelinus Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116, 63–85.
  • Sepkoski, Jack (2002): Osteichthyes. In: A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. HTML fulltext
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