Recognition of same-sex unions in Lithuania

In 2011, the Constitutional Court of Lithuania ruled that the family does not derive exclusively from marriage, opening the possibility for partnerships or other forms of legal recognition to be introduced to same-sex couples.[1] On 25 March 2015, nine MPs from the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Movement introduced a civil partnership bill to the Seimas.[2][3] Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius expressed his opposition to the bill.[4] On 6 May 2015, the Committee on Legal Affairs announced that they could find no constitutional barriers to same-sex civil partnerships.[5] The bill was not voted on and died at the end of the legislative session in November 2016. A similar bill was introduced by deputies from the Liberal Movement on 30 May 2017.[6] The bill was rejected at first reading in a 29–59 vote with 20 abstentions on 15 June 2017.[7][8]

In 2017, the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union and the Homeland Union proposed a bill to establish "cohabitation agreements" (Lithuanian: susitarimo dėl bendro gyvenimo) as an alternative to civil partnerships. The proposed legislation would guarantee cohabitants hospital visitation rights and the right to inherit a late partner's property. Povilas Urbšys, one of the authors of the proposal, said: "Our registered project will effectively contribute to legal clarity, regulate property rights and some property unrelated relations between people living together and will also help to avoid negative consequences when the cohabitation is dissolved."[9] The proposal, which was criticised by LGBT groups, explicitly stipulated that the cohabitants entering the agreement did not intend to create family relations. The proposal was preliminarily approved by the Seimas with 46 votes for, 17 votes against and 6 abstentions on 31 May 2017 and sent to further consideration.[10][11] On 25 October 2017, the Lithuanian Government announced its support for the bill,[12] but it stalled and was not voted on before the end of the legislative session.

On 14 February 2018, appearing at an LGBT rally in Vilnius, Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis called on the Seimas to recognise same-sex partnerships.[13] Of the eight candidates running in the 2019 presidential election, five expressed support for registered partnerships, namely Vytenis Andriukaitis, Arvydas Juozaitis, Valentinas Mazuronis, Ingrida Šimonytė and winner Gitanas Nausėda. The other three, Mindaugas Puidokas, Saulius Skvernelis and Naglis Puteikis, expressed support for limited legal rights such as inheritance, property rights, etc., while stating their opposition to same-sex marriage.[1]

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹

  Marriage

  Civil union

  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)

  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)

  Unrecognized

  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples

¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

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In December 2020, MP Tomas Raskevicius from the Freedom Party said that the government would submit a civil partnership bill in March 2021. The bill's introduction was a condition for creating the ruling coalition.[14] In May 2021, more than 10,000 people took to the streets in Vilnius to protest the partnership legislation.[15] On 25 May 2021, the civil partnership bill was defeated at first reading, receiving 63 votes in favour of the 65 required. Raskevicius said the bill would be brought back to Parliament in an amended form during the autumn session.[16]

A group of MPs drafted a civil union bill providing limited legal benefits to registered same-sex couples, and introduced it to Parliament in May 2022. The proposal is a compromise after the more expansive civil partnership bill was defeated in 2021.[17] On 26 May 2022, the draft bill passed its first reading in the Seimas by 70 votes in favour, 49 votes against and 6 abstentions. On the same day, an alternative draft amendment to the Civil Code aiming to "regulate the recognition of a person's right to close relations" was also passed at its first reading with 70 votes in favour, 23 votes against, and 30 abstentions.[18][19] Actress Elzbieta Latanaite said in response, "My feelings are mixed after the vote. On the one hand, the parliament took a step towards Europe, towards Western values. But on the other hand, there's nothing joyous that even such a restrained bill cannot pass without a big fight, with powerful homophobes hurling insults at citizens who want equal rights".[20]

a. There were a number of inconsistencies in the link regarding the vote count ("Frakcijų balsavimo rezultatai lentelėje"): (1) The numbers listed in the site show the Labor Party at only 9 MPs instead of 10 and the Regions Political Group at 9 instead of 8, (2) The name of MP Ewelina Dobrowolska of the Freedom Party was missing entirely from all of the vote counts, & (3) Although the MP serving as the Speaker of the Seimas (i.e. Viktorija Čmilytė-Nielsen) was not included in the vote count of her respective political party, her name was nevertheless listed in the second column ("Asmeniniai balsavimo rezultatai lentelėje").

The Committee on Legal Affairs approved the civil union bill 6–1 in September 2022 and recommended the Seimas to pass it, while simultaneously rejecting the alternative "close connection agreement" bill.[22] The bill passed second reading on 23 May 2023, 60–52 with 3 abstentions.[22] If passed, the legislation would establish civil unions (Lithuanian: civilinė sąjunga, pronounced [tsʲɪˈvʲɪlʲɪnʲeː ˈsâːjʊŋgɐ]) offering some of the rights and benefits of marriage, including joint property ownership and the ability to make medical decisions for a partner, while not allowing for joint adoption.

In April 2023, the Vilnius District Court rejected the request of a same-sex couple to enter into a civil partnership, ruling that Lithuania lacked a partnership law and that this was a matter for the Parliament to discuss.[23]

On 5 June 2018, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled that European Union (EU) member states must recognise the freedom of movement and residency rights of same-sex spouses, provided one partner is an EU citizen.[28][29][30] The court ruled that EU member states may choose whether or not to allow same-sex marriage, but they cannot obstruct the freedom of residence of an EU citizen and their spouse. In addition, the court ruled that the term "spouse" is gender-neutral and does not necessarily imply a person of the opposite sex.[31][32] On 11 January 2019, the Lithuanian Supreme Court ruled that the government must grant residency permits to the same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with the ECJ ruling.[33][34]