San Diego Bay

San Diego Bay is a natural harbor and deepwater port located in San Diego County, California near the U.S.–Mexico border. The bay, which is 12 miles (19 km) long and 1 to 3 miles (1.6 to 4.8 km) wide, is the third largest of the three large, protected natural bays on California's 840 miles (1,350 km) of coastline, after San Francisco Bay and Humboldt Bay. The highly urbanized land adjacent to the bay includes the city of San Diego (eighth-largest in the United States) and four other cities: National City, Chula Vista, Imperial Beach and Coronado.

Beach at Border State Park; San Diego is on the right while Tijuana, Mexico is on the left.
San Diego Bay
San Diego Bay from Space
San Diego Bay is located in California
San Diego Bay
San Diego Bay
LocationSan Diego County, California
Coordinates32.65°N 117.19°W / 32.65; -117.19
River sourcesOtay and Sweetwater Rivers; Paradise Creek
Ocean/sea sourcesPacific
Basin countriesUnited States
Max. length12 miles (19 km)
Max. width3 miles (5 km)
Surface area19 square miles (49 km2);
12,000 acres
Average depth21.33 feet (6.50 m)
Max. depth60 feet (18 m) (dredged)
SettlementsSan Diego, Coronado,
Chula Vista, Imperial Beach, National City
References[1][2][3]
Map of San Diego Bay published in 1923 by the 11th Naval District.

Considered to be one of the best natural harbors on the west coast of North America,[4] it was colonized by Spain beginning in 1769. Later it served as base headquarters of major ships of the United States Navy in the Pacific until just before the United States entered World War II, when the newly organized United States Pacific Fleet primary base was transferred to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. However, San Diego Bay remains as a home port of major assets, including several aircraft carriers, of the United States Pacific Fleet, and as a result of base closures beginning in the 1980s, facilities in San Diego Bay are the major naval base facilities still in operation in California.

Ports
Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo landing in San Diego Bay in 1542.

The Port of San Diego has two container ship facilities (one for refrigerated containers) and a cruise ship terminal. A second cruise ship terminal opened in December 2010.[5] The port handles more than 3 million metric tons of cargo yearly. The cruise ship terminal hosted more than 250 ship calls a year totaling more than 800,000 passengers at its peak in 2008;[6] since then the number of ship calls has fallen to fewer than 100 per year due to the withdrawal of regular service by major cruise lines.[7]

General Dynamics' National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO), the only shipyard on the west coast capable of building and repairing large ocean-going vessels, is near the San Diego side of the San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge. San Diego International Airport is also adjacent to the bay, across Harbor Drive from the Coast Guard Station.

San Diego–Coronado Bridge

The bay is spanned by the San Diego–Coronado Bridge, built in 1969. The bridge curves and rises to a height of 200 feet above the water so that Navy ships can pass under it. (However, the vertical clearance is insufficient for Nimitz-class aircraft carriers, which is why these are docked north of the bridge.) The bridge was originally a toll bridge; however, toll collection was discontinued in 2002, when the bridge's construction loans were paid in full.[8]

A daytime panorama of the bridge.

America's Cup Harbor

Formerly known as Commercial Basin and housing much of San Diego's sport and commercial fishing fleet, the small cove in the southern lee of Shelter Island was renamed in 1994 to America's Cup Harbor, in honor of the 1995 America's Cup races held in San Diego.[9] America's Cup Harbor has several boat yards and marinas for private sailing yachts, as well as a mooring field.

Recreation
The Star of India

Numerous resorts, hotels, and the San Diego Convention Center are adjacent to the Bay. Several parks and nature preserves are found at various locations along the shoreline. Sightseeing boats depart from the downtown area. Commercial sport fishing and whale watching tours depart from Shelter Island.

Ten museum ships call San Diego Bay home. They include the USS Midway, an aircraft carrier museum, and the Star of India, the oldest iron-hulled merchant ship afloat and the world's oldest active sailing ship.[10] The Star of India and eight other ships and boats on San Diego Bay are the floating collection of the San Diego Maritime Museum; they are open to the public for a fee, and many are in sailing condition.

In the northern part of the bay there are two commercial "islands" (actually peninsulas connected to the mainland by a narrow strip of land) called Harbor Island and Shelter Island. They were built up from former sand bars and now hold hotels, restaurants, marinas, and public parkland. Across from Harbor Island is a bayside park called Spanish Landing, a historic site which commemorates the meeting in 1769 of two expeditions from Spanish Mexico that made possible the European settlement of California.[11] Spanish Landing Park is the site of San Salvador Village, where the San Diego Maritime Museum is constructing a full-sized, fully functional wooden replica of the San Salvador flagship, in which explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo discovered San Diego Bay in 1542.[12]

Small boat sailing is extremely popular, and the bay is lined by dozens of marinas and nine yacht clubs, including the San Diego Yacht Club which was the home of the America's Cup from 1988 to 1995. For tourists and locals alike there many businesses that offer jet ski rental and boat rental to explore the scenic waterway. An inlet of the bay was renamed America's Cup Harbor to commemorate that occasion.[13]

Special events

An annual fireworks display called the Big Bay Boom is held on the Fourth of July over the waters of the Bay.[14] Fireworks are launched simultaneously from four barges in the Bay as well as from a pier in Imperial Beach. It is one of the largest annual fireworks displays in the United States and is viewed by half a million people each year.[15]

The Parade of Lights is a parade of more than 80 small boats with holiday decorations and lights on two Sundays in December. The parade has been held annually since 1972. The parade starts off Shelter Island and proceeds past Harbor Island and Downtown, finishing at the Coronado ferry landing.[16]

A one-time special event was the "Parade of Flight" in February 2011, celebrating the 100th anniversary of naval aviation. It featured flights over San Diego Bay by more than 200 historic naval aircraft,[17] and concluded with a flyover by the air wing from the U.S.S. John C. Stennis.[18]

A plane flying over the Bay

The western border of the bay is protected from the Pacific Ocean by a long, narrow strip of land called the Silver Strand. The northern end of the Silver Strand expands to become North Island, the location of Naval Air Station North Island (the home port of several aircraft carriers including the USS Theodore Roosevelt) and Coronado. Coronado is the site of the famous Hotel del Coronado. The U.S. Navy has three other facilities on the bay: Naval Station San Diego, Naval Base Point Loma at Ballast Point, which is a Nuclear Submarine base, and Naval Amphibious Base Coronado. The Coast Guard Air Station San Diego is across the bay from NAS North Island and the Federal Communications Commission maintains a monitoring station on the Silver Strand. Several other Navy facilities are located in the surrounding area, and even more existed previously but have since been closed. The U.S. Marine Corps also operates one of its two Recruit Depots near the shores of San Diego Bay.

Ecology
San Diego Bay & Coronado Islands at sunset.

The shallow southern end of the bay is used for evaporation ponds to extract salt from the sea water. The salt ponds, the Sweetwater Marsh, and other areas of the bay are included in the San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex.[19] The area includes the largest contiguous mud-flat in Southern California.[20] It is an important stop on the Pacific Flyway for migrating birds, and it supports numerous endangered and threatened species of plants and animals. Public access to the bay and wetlands, with walking trails and educational exhibits about the area's ecological resources, is provided at the Chula Vista Nature Center[21] operated by the city of Chula Vista. San Diego Bay is recognized for protection by the California Bays and Estuaries Policy.[22] As early as the 1840s whales were documented in the bay during the winter, with as many as fifteen seen in the bay in 1872; in 1858 whaling stations began to operate in San Diego, having ended operations as late as 1886.[23]

Pollution

Sources of pollution in the Bay include storm-water runoff and marine waste from commercial and military shipping and shipbuilding. The city of San Diego has spent millions of dollars trying to clean up this pollution, particularly at the section of the eastern shoreline referred to as the Shipyards Sediment Site.[24] In 2009 the city and the San Diego Unified Port Authority filed suit against several major shipping companies to recoup some of the cost of those remediation efforts. In 2014 the city reached an agreement with the San Diego Regional Water Control Board to pay a fine of nearly $1 million for storm-water violations.[24] In 2015, the city and the Port filed suit against Monsanto, whose products containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are blamed for pollution of the Bay and tidelands.[25]

The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed a safe eating advisory for fish caught in the bay based on levels of mercury or PCBs found in local species.[26]

Management

The Port of San Diego manages the harbor and administers the public lands adjacent to the bay. The Port is a special government entity created by the state legislature in 1962, for which revenue consists of tariffs and rents paid by district tenants.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

San Diego Bay (called the "port of San Diego") is referenced in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo as the westernmost of the landmarks used in the resolution of the Mexico–United States border following the Mexican–American War. The border is defined as being "one marine league" (3 nautical miles, 3.452 mi. or 5.556 km) "due south of the southernmost point" of the bay.

See also

References
  1. "San Diego Bay".
  2. OVERVIEW OF SAN DIEGO REGION WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AREAS
  3. "Tidal Effect on Chemical Spill in San Diego Bay" (PDF).
  4. Report of the Commissioner of Corporations on Transportation by Water in the United States. United States Bureau of Corporations. 1909. p. 367.
  5. RICO, CARLOS (4 August 2009). "New cruise ship terminal breaks ground".
  6. "Work Begins On Broadway Pier Cruise Ship Terminal". 4 August 2009.
  7. Weisberg, Lori (January 13, 2011). "Carnival Cruise Lines pulling out of San Diego". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  8. "Coronado Bridge Toll To End". 10News.com. May 16, 2002. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  9. Arner, Mark (September 7, 1994). "Port acts to prettify America's Cup site". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  10. "Star of India". San Diego Maritime Museum. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  11. Tait, Allan. "Spanish Landing Park". www.portofsandiego.org.
  12. "San Salvador Build Site at Spanish Landing". San Diego Maritime Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  13. "Port of San Diego".
  14. "July 4th Fireworks on San Diego Bay Big Bay Boom". www.bigbayboom.com.
  15. Kindelan, Kelly (July 5, 2012). "San Diego Fireworks Show Goes Up in Flames". ABC News. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  16. "Home - San Diego Bay Parade of Lights". sdparadeoflights.org.
  17. "San Diego 'Parade Of Flight,' Open House Honor Naval Aviation Centennial". America's Navy. January 27, 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  18. Robbins, Gary (February 8, 2011). "Carrier, aircraft in final preparations for historic flyover this weekend". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  19. "San Diego National Wildlife Refuge website".
  20. "South Bay National Wildlife Refuge".
  21. "chulavistanaturecenter.org Becomes luckycentre.org". www.chulavistanaturecenter.org.
  22. State Water Resources Control Board Water Quality Control Policy for the Enclosed Bays and Estuaries of California (1974) State of California
  23. Edwin C. Starks (1923). "Fish Bulletin No. 6: A History of California Shore Whaling". Calisphere. University of California. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
    Anmarie Medin (2013). "A Historical Context and Archaeological Research Design for Work Camp Properties in California" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. State of California. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  24. Hargrove, Dorian (May 22, 2014). "City hit up for storm-water violations". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  25. Hargrove, Dorian (March 16, 2015). "Monsanto: Pay for damaging San Diego". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  26. Admin, OEHHA (2014-12-30). "San Diego Bay". OEHHA. Retrieved 2018-06-13.

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