Sanji Iwabuchi

At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Iwabuchi was captain of the seaplane tender Akitsushima. He was reassigned to the staff of the Combined Fleet on 25 March 1942, and was subsequently given command of the battleship Kirishima on 20 April 1942. He commanded Kirishima in the Battle of Midway in June 1942, but Kirishima was sunk in the Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 15 November of the same year. A week later, on 22 November, Iwabuchi was reassigned to command the 11th Air Fleet in charge of air operations over Guadalcanal and Rabaul.

Iwabuchi returned to the Yokosuka Naval District on 10 February 1943, and was promoted to rear admiral on 1 May. On 5 May, he was assigned to the Personnel and Recruiting Department at Maizuru Naval District. This would normally have been a dead-end position to his career; however, the increasingly desperate war situation provided Iwabuchi with a final opportunity. On 1 November 1944, he was given command of the 3rd Southern Escort Fleet and on 17 November, its accompanying ground force, the 31st Naval Base Force, and ordered to the Philippines, which were then under impending threat of Allied invasion. Iwabuchi was assigned command of the Manila Naval Defense Force in defenses of the city.

Once American forces had landed on Luzon and had begun converging on Manila, welcomed and assisted by Filipino troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary, the Japanese supreme commander for operations in the Philippines, Lt.-General Tomoyuki Yamashita gave Iwabuchi a direct order to withdraw from Manila without combat. Yamashita wanted to consolidate his forces, and to avoid being trapped in urban warfare in downtown Manila with close to a million civilians. However, Iwabuchi repeatedly refused to obey orders. Citing shame at having lost Kirishima, Iwabuchi stated that he could redeem himself only by holding his position to the death.

Together with the under-equipped and ill-disciplined 15,000 marines and 4,000 Imperial Japanese Army stragglers under his command, he found several good defensive positions in the historic Intramuros area of the old city of Manila, including the massive walls of colonial Fort Santiago. During the Allied artillery bombardment of Iwabuchi's positions, thousands of civilians were killed. Thousands more were killed in the crossfire, and thousands were killed by Japanese forces in reprisal for the Allied attacks in what came to be called the "Manila Massacre". After many days of building-to-building combat, more than 16,000 Japanese defenders were killed, and by 26 February Iwabuchi committed suicide at his command post, using a pistol pointed to his mouth,[1] although his body was never positively identified. He was posthumously promoted to vice admiral.