Santa Fe Group (geology)

The Santa Fe Group is widely defined as basin-filling sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Rio Grande rift.[1] These range in age from late Oligocene to Pleistocene. The oldest formations in the group correspond to the earliest structural deformation associated with rifting. Geologic uplift of the region around the rift has ended deposition, and erosion in the Rio Grande river system has exposed many of the beds deposited earlier, often spectacularly, as in the badlands north of Santa Fe.[2][3]

The formations in the group are divided into lower and upper sections. The lower Santa Fe Group was deposited in bolsons (closed arid basins) where streams drained into intermittent playa lakes surrounded by piedmont deposits eroded from basin-margin uplifts. The upper Santa Fe Group was deposited after integration of these basins into the ancestral Rio Grande, so that their drainage flowed toward southern New Mexico. Some geologists also define a middle section transitional between the upper and lower sections.[3]

Formations of the Santa Fe Group are defined in each basin of the Rio Grande rift, though some formations extend across multiple basins.

G.K. Gilbert visited San Ildefonso Pueblo with the Hayden Survey in 1873 and found fossil mammal bones characteristic of the Pliocene. Some of these were sent to Othniel Marsh. Marsh's bitter rival, Edward Drinker Cope, arrived at San Ildefonso the next year and collected a number of Miocene reptile, bird, and mammal fossils.[13]

Childs Frick sent an expedition into the Tesuque area in 1924, and immediately recognized the paleontological potential of the Santa Fe beds. The Fricks Laboratory (merged with the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology of the American Museum of Natural History in 1968) carried out field work through 1972. Work prior to 1940 was careless about identifying exact source strata, though greater care was taken thereafter.[14] Most of the fossils came from the Pojoaque Member of the Tesuque Formation and were almost entire found within thin (0.5–3 m) maroon-red to pale green claystone to fine-grained siltstone beds of lithosome B. These are interpreted as small lacustrine deposits.[15]

Fossils found in the Santa Fe Group include the canids Hemicyon and Carpocyon webbi, the antilocaprids Cosoryx, Merycodus, and Ramoceros, chiroptera from the Vespertilionidae and Antrozoinae, the turtle Glyptemys valentinensis, and mastodonts.[16][17]

The groundwater potential of the Santa Fe Group was recognized by Bryan Kirk in 1938,[18] and the Alamosa subbasin of the San Luis Valley, the central part of the Albuquerque Basin, and the southern Mesilla basin from Las Cruces to El Paso are now among the most productive groundwater reservoirs in the western United States.[19] In the Albuquerque area, this has produced significant drawdown of the water table, in some places exceeding 100 feet (30 m).[20] The aquifer continues to be studied to characterize the effects of new development, and resulting shifts in groundwater flow, on pollutants in the aquifer.[21]

Hayden gave the name "Santa Fe Marls" to the extensive sedimentary beds in the valley of the Rio Grande near Santa Fe during his 1869 survey of New Mexico and Colorado. He likened these to the badlands of South Dakota and correctly determined that they were upper Tertiary in age and were much younger than the Galisteo Formation beds which they overlie. He noted their great thickness, which he observed to be at least 1,500 feet (460 m).[22]

By 1936, the Santa Fe Formation had been traced from central New Mexico into southern Colorado.[23] Two years later, Bryan recognized that it extended at least from the San Luis Basin to beyond El Paso and was extensively faulted and deformed. He interpreted the formation as being deposited in a series of basins along an ancestral Rio Grande.[18] The formation was promoted to group rank in 1953[24] and defined by Baldwin three years later as basin-filling sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Rio Grande rift.[1]

Galusha and Blick advocated a much narrower definition of the Santa Fe Group in 1971. They restricted it to the Tesuque Formation and Chamita Formation in the Espanola basin, and specifically excluded the older Abiquiu and Zia Formation and younger Ancha Formation.[25] However, the broad 1956 definition by Baldwin has been widely accepted.[26][27][28][29][30][31]

• Armstrong, Corine; Dutrow, Barbara L.; Henry, Darrell J.; Thompson, Ren A. (2013). "Provenance of volcanic clasts from the Santa Fe Group, Culebra graben of the San Luis Basin, Colorado: A guide to tectonic evolution". New Perspectives on Rio Grande Rift Basins: From Tectonics to Groundwater. ISBN 9780813724942. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
• Baldwin, Brewster (1956). "The Santa Fe group of north-central New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Guidebook. 7: 115–121. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
• Brister, Brian S.; Gries, Robbie R. (1994). "Tertiary stratigraphy and tectonic development of the Alamosa basin (northern San Luis basin), Rio Grande rift, south central Colorado". Basins of the Rio Grande Rift: Structure, Stratigraphy, and Tectonic Setting. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 291. pp. 39–58. doi:10.1130/SPE291-p39. ISBN 0-8137-2291-8.
• Connell, Sean D. (2001). "Stratigraphy of the Albuquerque Basin, Rio Grande Rift, Central New Mexico: A progress report". New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Open File Reports. 454B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.524.6206.
• Galanter, A.E.; Curry, L.T. (2019). "Estimated 2016 Groundwater Level and Drawdown from Predevelopment to 2016 in the Santa Fe Group Aquifer System in the Albuquerque Area, Central New Mexico". U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map. Scientific Investigations Map. 3433. doi:10.3133/sim3433.
• Galusha, Ted; Blick, John C. (1971). "Stratigraphy of the Santa Fe Group, New Mexico" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 144 (1). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
• Hawley, John; Kernodle, Mike (1999). "Overview of the Hydrogeology and Geohydrology of the Northern Rio Grande Basin - Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas" (PDF). WRRI Conference Proceedings. 44. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
• Hayden, F.V. (1869). United States Geologic Survey of New Mexico and Colorado. ISBN 9780813724942. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
• Kirk, Bryan (1938). "Geology and ground-water conditions of the Rio Grande depression in Colorado and New Mexico". The Rio Grande Joint Investigation in the upper Rio Grande basin in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. U.S. National Resources Committee. pp. 197–225.
• Kottlowski, F.E. (1953). "Tertiary-Quaternary sediments of the Rio Grande Valley in southern New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Guidebook. 4: 144–148. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
• Kues, Barry S.; Lewis, Claudia J.; Lueth, Virgil W. (2014). A brief history of geological studies in New Mexico : with biographical profiles of notable New Mexico geologists (First ed.). New Mexico Geological Society. ISBN 978-1-58546-011-3.
• Lozinsky, R.P.; Hawley, J.W. (1986). "The Palomas Formation of south-central New Mexico; a formal definition" (PDF). New Mexico Geology. 8 (4). Retrieved 14 August 2020.
• May, S. Judson; Russell, Lee R. (1994). "Thickness of the syn-rift Santa Fe Group in the Albuquerque Basin and its relation to structural style". Basins of the Rio Grande Rift: Structure, Stratigraphy, and Tectonic Setting. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 291. pp. 113–124. doi:10.1130/SPE291-p113. ISBN 0-8137-2291-8.
• Myers, Nathan c.; Friesz, Paul J. (2019). "Hydrogeologic Framework and Delineation of Transient Areas Contributing Recharge and Zones of Contribution to Selected Wells in the Upper Santa Fe Group Aquifer, Southeastern Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1900–2050". U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report. Scientific Investigations Report. 2019–5052. doi:10.3133/sir20195052.
• Repasch, Marisa; Karlstrom, Karl; Heizler, Matt; Pecha, Mark (May 2017). "Birth and evolution of the Rio Grande fluvial system in the past 8 Ma: Progressive downward integration and the influence of tectonics, volcanism, and climate". Earth-Science Reviews. 168: 113–164. Bibcode:2017ESRv..168..113R. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.003.
• Seager, W.R.; Hawley, J.W.; Clemons, R.E. (1971). "Geology of San Diego Mountain area, Dona Ana County, New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin. 97. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
• Williamson, Garrett R. (2016). The stratigraphic position of fossil vertebrates from the Pojoaque Member of the Tesuque Formation (Middle Miocene, Late Barstovian) near Española, New Mexico (MS thesis). Stephen F. Austin State University. Paper 41. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
• Wilmarth, M.G. (1936). "Lexicon of geologic names of the United States (including Alaska)". Geological Survey Bulletin. 896 (1–2): 2396.