Bongo–Bagirmi languages
The Bongo–Bagirmi or Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi languages are the major branch of the Central Sudanic language family with about forty languages. Principal groups include Bagirmi languages such as Naba and the Sara languages. They are spoken across CAR, Chad, South Sudan, and adjacent countries.
| Bongo–Bagirmi | |
|---|---|
| Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi | |
| Geographic distribution | CAR, Chad, South Sudan |
| Linguistic classification | Nilo-Saharan?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | sara1341 |
Languages
The Bongo–Bagirmi languages are for the most part poorly studied, and there is little agreement as to their internal classification. The table below is taken from Lionel Bender, as summarized in Blench (2000).
- Bongo–Baka
- Kara (= Tar Gula ?)
- Sinyar (Shemya) ?
- Bagirmi
- Sara
- Doba (Bedjond, Gor, Mango)
- Kaba
- Vale
- Birri (likely to be closer to Kresh)
- Fongoro (Formona) ?
- Yulu (Yulu–Binga)
Sinyar and Fongoro may not be Bongo–Bagirmi or even Central Sudanic languages.
Classification
Boyeldieu (2006)[1] classifies the Sara-Bongo–Bagirmi languages as follows.
- Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
Boyeldieu (2006) considers the homelands (Urheimats) of the language groups to be as follows.[1]
- Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi: Bahr el Ghazal / southwestern South Sudan, by the border with easternmost Central African Republic
- Proto-Western Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi: north-central extreme of the Central African Republic
- Proto-Sara: south-central Chad, along the border with northwestern Central African Republic
The Bongo–Bagirmi languages in the east are closer to other Central Sudanic languages, while the Sara languages in the west have diverged more from the typical Central Sudanic typological profile due to contact with Ubangian and other languages.[2]
Reconstruction
| Proto-Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi | |
|---|---|
| Proto-Bongo–Bagirmi | |
| Reconstruction of | Bongo–Bagirmi languages |
Plants
Proto-Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi plant names:[1]
| Species | Proto-Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi |
|---|---|
| Stylochiton sp. | *bada |
| Ficus ingens | *ɓAlɛ; *ɓARlɛ |
| Dichrostachys cinerea | *baɭi; *bEɭE |
| Loudetia annua | *bamu; *bVmV |
| Daniellia oliveri | *ɓAtɛ; *ɓita; *ɓuta; *ɓito; *ɓVtV |
| Amaranthus cruentus | *budu |
| Andropogon gayanus | *butu |
| Nymphaea sp. | *ɓVlV |
| Manihot glaziovii | *bVngV |
| Cissus populnea | *Caɭa |
| Lagenaria siceraria | *Ciɓa; *Cuɓa |
| Cissus integrifolia | *Cuƒu; *COƒO; *Nuƒu; *NOƒO |
| Terminalia sp. | *CV; *ɭV |
| Sida rhombifolia | *ɗAɗɛ |
| Acacia albida | *didi; *diɗi |
| Combretum glutinosum | *diro; *dVrV |
| Leptadenia hastata | *ɗisa; *ɗusa |
| Aeschynomene nilotica | *dulɛ |
| Strychnos sp. | *duɲu; *diɲi; *duyu; *diyi |
| Sterculia setigera | *ɖaka |
| Loudetia simplex | *ɖakɔ |
| Hyparrhenia bagirmica | *gama |
| Hibiscus sp. | *gbakɔ |
| Grewia venusta | *Gimbo; *GVmbV |
| Urena lobata | *gumbu |
| Isoberlinia doka | *kabɔ; *kaba |
| Cordia africana | *kAjɛ |
| Hymenocardia acida | *kArɛ |
| Calotropis procera | *kaRpɔ; *kARpɛ |
| Ficus glumosa | *kɔlɔ; *kilɔ |
| Afzelia africana | *kila; *Gila |
| Gardenia sp. (?) | *Kiri; *Giri |
| Ximenia americana | *kiti; *kVtV; *titi; *tVtV |
| Ficus platyphylla | *KOɓO; *KVɓV |
| Ceiba pentandra | *kuɭa |
| Parinari curatellifolia | *kuma |
| Jatropha sp. | *kuma |
| Diospyros mespiliformis | *kuRmɛ; *kARmɛ; *kuRma |
| Ficus sycomorus | *kutɛ; *kVtV |
| Detarium microcarpum | *kuʈu; *nguʈu; *guʈu |
| Lophira lanceolata | *kVyV |
| Combretum collinum | *ɭEmbE; *ɭumbɛ |
| Tephrosia bracteolata | *ɭVɲV |
| Gardenia erubescens | *maca; *masa; *maKa |
| Parkia africana | *matɔ; *mbaRtɔ |
| Annona senegalensis | *mbArɛ; *mburɛ; *mbARwɛ; *mbuRwɛ |
| Grewia sp. (?) | *mɔkɔ |
| Nymphaea sp. | *mEɗE |
| Amblygonocarpus andongensis | *miɭi; *miɭo; *mOɭO; *miri; *miro; *mOrO |
| Vitex sp. | *mOyI; *mVyV; *mOɲI; *mVɲV |
| Pseudocedrela kotschyi | *muru |
| Mitragyna inermis | *nɖAɲɛ; *nɖVɲV |
| Imperata cylindrica | *nɖoku; *nɖeki |
| Ziziphus sp. | *ngAɖɛ; *ngAɗɛ |
| Acacia sp. | *ngara; *ngaɭa |
| Balanites aegyptiaca | *ngura |
| Hexalobus monopetalus | *NVCV |
| Acacia sieberiana | *paɭa |
| Raphionacme sp. | *pOyO; *pVyV |
| Celtis integrifolia | *Sala; *SVlV |
| Rottboellia exaltata | *Saya |
| Anogeissus leiocarpus | *Siɖɔ; *Siɖa |
| Kigelia aethiopium | *Soku |
| Cissus quadrangularis | *taɗa |
| Cucurbitaceae sp. | *taya |
| Pennisetum pedicellatum | *tEmbE |
| Striga sp. | *tiɭo; *tuɭɛ; *kiɭo; *kuɭɛ |
| Jardinea sp. | *tuwa |
| Tapinanthus sp. | *tVmV |
| Burkea africana | *wVɭV |
| Anogeissus leiocarpus | - |
| Ficus thonningii | - |
| Piliostigma thonningii | - |
| Pseudocedrela kotschyi | - |
| Securinega virosa | - |
| Crateva adansonii | - |
| Asparagus sp. | - |
| Dactyloctenium aegyptium | - |
| Sclerocarya birrea | - |
| Ficus polita | - |
| Ficus sp. | - |
| Balanites aegyptiaca | - |
| Sesbania pachycarpa | - |
| Cochlospermum tinctorium | - |
| Xanthosoma mafaffa | - |
| Luffa sp. | - |
Fish
Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi fish names:[1]
| Species | Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi |
|---|---|
| Ctenopoma spp. | *ɓakɔ; *ɓaku; *ɓVkV |
| Distichodus sp. | *bata |
| Alestes macrolepidotus | *boru; *beri; *ɓoru; *ɓeri |
| Siluridae sp. (?) | *buli; *bOlI; *bolu |
| Siluridae sp. | *bVngV |
| Mormyridae spp. | *CAɓɛ; *CAbɛ |
| Distichodus spp. | *Ceri |
| Alestes spp. | *dalu |
| Citharinus spp. | *dOrO |
| Bagrus bajad bajad | *duɓa |
| Synodontis spp., Auchenoglanis spp. et alii | *gaRga |
| Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Clarias spp. | *gɔrɔ |
| Bagridae sp. | *GElE |
| Labeo spp., Barbus spp. | *guɗu; *gOɗO; *Suɗu; *SOɗO; *Sudu; *SOdO; *ɓudu; *ɓOdO |
| Characidae sp., Citharinidae sp. (?) | *janga; *Canga |
| Tetraodon fahaka strigosus | *k+ɖ + kiɭo |
| Lates niloticus | *kaRɓɔ |
| Malapterurus electricus | *Kiɓi; *tiɓi; *Kibi |
| Protopterus annectens | *Kuri; *Kuru; *KuRyi; *KuRyu |
| Mormyridae sp. | *mARlɛ |
| Ophicephalus obscurus | *mOgO; *migo |
| Clarias spp., Heterobranchus bidorsalis | *nduli; *ndolu; *ndVlV |
| Heterotis niloticus | *ngɔɭɔ |
| Tilapia spp. | *ngura |
| Alestes nurse | *ŋmaŋma; *ŋmɔŋmɔ; *ŋmaɲa; *ŋmɔɲɔ |
| Mormyridae spp. | *pAtɛ |
| Tilapia spp., Hemichromis spp. | *pORpO; *paRpa; *SORpO; *SaRpa |
| Citharinus citharus | *puru |
| Polypterus spp. | *SAɭɛ; *ngAɭɛ |
| Schilbe spp., Eutropius niloticus niloticus | *SErE; *SArɛ; *CErE; *CArɛ |
| Siluridae spp. | *Sili; *SVlV; *sili; *sVlV |
| Hepsetus odoe, Hydrocyon spp. | *Siya; *Suya |
| Characidae sp., Citharinidae sp. (?) | *sOɭO; *siɭo; *sVɭV; *SOɭO; *Siɭo; *SVɭV; *ɓOɭO; *ɓiɭo; *ɓVɭV |
| Polypterus spp. | *Suɭa; *Siɭa |
| Gymnarchus niloticus | *tumu; *temi; *ɲumu; *ɲemi |
| Heterobranchus spp. | - |
| Lates niloticus | - |
| Bagridae spp., Clariidae spp. | - |
| Citharinus spp. | - |
| Malapterurus electricus | - |
See also
- List of Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi reconstructions (Wiktionary)
Further reading
Materials on Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi are often in French.
- ADAMI P., 1981, (with Dj. DJARANGAR, J. FÉDRY, Ng. NASSITY et P. PALAYER), Lexique bediondo-français, Sarh, Centre d'Études Linguistiques-Collège Charles-Lwanga.
- ANDERSEN T., 1981, A Grammar of Modo, A Preliminary Sketch, University of Aalborg (Denmark).
- BLACHE J., 1964, Les poissons du bassin du Tchad et du bassin adjacent du Mayo Kebbi, Paris, ORSTOM.
- BOYELDIEU P., 1987, Les langues fer ('kara') et yulu du nord centrafricain, Esquisses descriptives et lexiques, Paris, Geuthner.
- BOYELDIEU P., 2000, La langue bagiro (République centrafricaine), Systématique, textes et lexique, Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang (Schriften zur Afrikanistik/Research in African Studies, 4).
- CAPRILE J.P., s.d. [1969 ?], Lexique mbaï-français, Lyon, Afrique et Langage (Document 2).
- CAPRILE J.P., 1972, Études et documents sara-bongo-baguirmiens, Paris, Université René Descartes (Paris V), 2 vol.
- DANAY K., MAKODE M. et al., 1986, Dictionnaire sara-kaba-na - français, Kyabe (Tchad), Sarh, Centre d'Études Linguistiques-Collège Charles-Lwanga.
- DJEMADJIOUDJIEL N.L.Mb. et J. FÉDRY, 1979, Lexique ngàmbáy-français, français-ngàmbáy, Sarh, Centre d'Études Linguistiques-Collège Charles-Lwanga.
- GADEN H., 1909, Essai de grammaire de la langue baguirmienne, suivi de textes et de vocabulaires baguirmien-français et français-baguirmien, Paris, E. Leroux.
- KANZI-SOUSSOU C., 1985, Essai de phonologie de la langue kara de Birao, Université de Bangui (Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines).
- KANZI-SOUSSOU C., 1992, Le verbe en fer (kara), Étude morphologique et syntaxique du verbe dans une langue centrafricaine, Université de Paris X-Nanterre (Département de Linguistique).
- KEEGAN J., 1996 (2ème éd.), (with M. NANGBAYE et B. MANADJI TOLKOM), Dictionary of Mbay, Munich-Newcastle, Lincom Europa. [1ère éd. 1993, chez l'auteur]
- KILPATRICK E., 1985, Bongo Phonology, Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 4, 1-62.
- MALBRANT R., 1952 (2ème éd.), Faune du Centre Africain français (Mammifères et Oiseaux), Paris, Lechevalier (Encyclopédie Biologique XV).
- NDOKO B.R., 1991, Esquisse phonologique du lútò, Université de Bangui (Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines).
- NOUGAYROL P., 1999, Les parlers gula (Centrafrique, Soudan, Tchad), Grammaire et lexique, Paris, CNRS Éditions.
- PALAYER P., 1970, (with M. FOURNIER et E. MOUNDO), Éléments de grammaire sar (Tchad), Lyon-Fort-Archambault, Afrique et Langage-Collège Charles Lwanga (Études linguistiques 2).
- PALAYER P., 1989, La langue sar (sud du Tchad), Tours, Université de Tours, 2 vol.
- PALAYER P., 1992, Dictionnaire Sar-Français (Tchad), Paris, Geuthner.
- PALAYER P., 2004, (with A. GOUDJA KODNGARGUE et Ch. VANDAME), Dictionnaire kenga, Louvain-Paris, Peeters (A&L 6).
- PALAYER P., 2006, (with M. SOLEKAYE), Dictionnaire démé (Tchad). Précédé de notes grammaticales, Louvain-Paris, Peeters (A&L 10).
- PARKER K., 1985, Baka Phonology, Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 4, 63-85.
- PERSSON A.M. et J.R. PERSSON, 1991, Modo-English Dictionary with Grammar, Nairobi, SIL.
- SAMPSON D.L., 1997, Update on Baka Phonology and Orthography, as of 1996, Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 7, 114-120.
- SANTANDREA St., 1963, A Concise Grammar Outline of the Bongo language, Rome, Sodality of St. Peter Claver.
- SAXON Douglas E., 1980, The History of the Shari River Basin ca. 500 B.C.-1000 A.D., Los Angeles, University of California.
- SCHWEINFURTH G., 1873, Linguistische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Centralafrika, Supplément à Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (1872), Berlin, Wiegandt et Hempel.
- SCHWEINFURTH G., 1875, Au coeur de l'Afrique, 1868-1871, Voyages et découvertes dans les régions inexplorées de l'Afrique centrale, Paris, Hachette, tome 1.
- STEVENSON R.C., 1969, Bagirmi Grammar, University of Khartoum (Linguistic Monograph Series 3).
- VANDAME Ch., 1968, Grammaire kenga, Lyon, Afrique et Langage (Études linguistiques 2).
- Unpublished manuscripts
- BOYELDIEU P., Lexique 'barma (baguirmien).
- BOYELDIEU P., Lexique kaba de Paoua.
- BOYELDIEU P., Lexique yulu.
- FÉDRY J., Questionnaire d'Inventaire Linguistique : kulfa.
- FÉDRY J., Questionnaire d'Inventaire Linguistique : 'dem.
- FÉDRY J., Questionnaire d'Inventaire Linguistique : tiye.
- NOUGAYROL P., Lexique bongo.
- NOUGAYROL P., Lexique ndoka.
- NOUGAYROL P., Lexique nduga.
- NOUGAYROL P., Note sur le wada.
References
- Boyeldieu, Pascal. 2006. Présentation des langues Sara-Bongo-Baguirmiennes Archived 2019-05-16 at the Wayback Machine. Paris: CNRS-LLACAN (online version).
- Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9.
- Boyeldieu, Pascal. 2006. Présentation des langues Sara-Bongo-Baguirmiennes Archived 2019-05-16 at the Wayback Machine. Paris: CNRS-LLACAN (online version). (PDF)
- Blench (2000)
External links
- Sara-Bagirmi Language Project, more detailed description of Sara-Bagirmi Languages (old version)
- List of Proto-Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi reconstructions
- Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi Swadesh list (Boyeldieu)
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