Saudi crackdown on Islamic scholars

Saudi Arabia is a predominantly Muslim country, and its government has long claimed to be the custodian of Islam's two holiest sites, Mecca and Medina. The country has traditionally followed a strict interpretation of Sunni Islam known as Wahhabism, which emphasizes adherence to the Quran and the Hadith, the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad without relying on traditional interpretations and instead opting for a more literal approach.

However, in recent years, there has been growing criticism of the government's religious policies, particularly from scholars who have challenged the government's interpretation of Islam and its policies towards other Muslim countries.

Under Vision 2030 Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia's conservative society has introduced a number of modern reforms on economic, social and religious, including easing laws to allow women to work and drive for the first time and attend public gatherings, as well as freedom of mixed musical concerts and entertainment, and opening cinema halls.[3][4][5][6][7]

Speaking to Al Jazeera, Yahya Assiri, a human rights activist from Saudi Arabia in the UK, said that the Saudi authorities were keeping a close eye on anyone who was influential and of social importance. He said that even those who are silent or those who have pledged allegiance to the government and those who appreciate the government and its actions, no one is safe.[8]

In September 2017, the Saudi government arrested a number of prominent scholars and thinkers, including Salman al-Ouda, Awad al-Qarni, and Ali al-Omari. Sheikh Salman al-Awdah is widely recognized as a progressive Islamic scholar, and UN experts have described him as a "reformist." Al-Qarni, on the other hand, is known as a preacher, academic, and author, while al-Omari is a popular broadcaster. The arrests of these individuals have triggered strong condemnation not only from the United Nations but also from several prominent human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International.[9]

Over the following months, more scholars were arrested and jailed, and others were banned from speaking or writing. The government accused the scholars of promoting terrorism, spreading false information, and inciting public disorder. For example, Mohammed Alhajji, a well-known Saudi academic and influential figure on Snapchat, found himself in the custody of Saudi authorities. Experts have pointed to this incident as indicative of the Saudi government's intensified actions against social media participants.[10] Another instance involves Safar al-Hawali, a distinguished scholar who has been held in confinement for more than 1,000 days.[11]

The crackdown has been widely criticized by human rights groups and scholars around the world. For example, Yahya Ibrahim Assiri, a Saudi dissident residing in the UK and the founder of the human rights group ALQST, has expressed that Saudi Arabia continues to target individuals they perceive as potential critics, regardless of when they may choose to express their views.

Jamal Khashoggi, the Saudi journalist who assassinated in 2018, had decried the numerous arrests orchestrated by the crown prince's government in one of his final columns for The Washington Post. He also highlighted the "public shaming of intellectuals and religious leaders who dare to express opinions contrary to those of my country's leadership."[12]

Some scholars have also accused the government of abandoning traditional Islamic values in favor of political expediency, and of using its religious authority to legitimize its policies and suppress dissent. Various voices, including Khaled A. Beydoun, a law professor and author of "American Islamophobia: Understanding the Roots and Rise of Fear," have expressed their perspectives. In an opinion piece for Al Jazeera, Beydoun conveyed that "Saudi Arabia does not represent Islam" and characterized the Saudi state as being governed by a select few who are both desperate and austere.[13]

Madawi Al-Rasheed, a visiting professor at the Middle East Centre at LSE, has also contributed to the discussion, writing about the ongoing challenges facing Saudi Arabia. She describes the nation as grappling with a perpetual struggle between the forces of modernity and the forces of traditionalism.[14]

The crackdown has raised serious concerns about freedom of speech and the government's commitment to human rights and the rule of law.

• Prisoners of Conscience an organization that tweets as معتقلي الرأي is a human rights organization that tracks the arrests in the kingdom.[15]

Salman al-Ouda

• Amnesty International has expressed concern over the arrest of Sheikh Salman al-Ouda,[16] who could face the death penalty with two other scholars.[17][18][19]