Saudi crackdown on Islamic scholars

The Saudi crackdown on Islamic scholars refers to a series of actions taken by the Saudi Arabian government against various prominent Islamic scholars and thinkers within the country. The crackdown began in late 2017 and has continued to the present day, with many scholars being arrested and jailed, while others have been banned from speaking or writing.

Saudi crackdown on Islamic scholars
DateLate 2017 - present
LocationSaudi Arabia
ParticipantsVarious prominent Islamic scholars and thinkers within the country
OutcomeMany scholars have been arrested and jailed, while others have been banned from speaking or writing.

Saudi Arabia has a long history of controlling and limiting the activities of Islamic scholars, particularly those who promote dissent or challenge the government's authority. In recent years, there have been several high-profile cases of Saudi authorities cracking down on prominent Islamic scholars, often accusing them of supporting extremism or spreading false information.

Since Muhammad bin Salman, son of Saudi King Salman, was crowned in June 2017 dozens of Islamic scholars, Imams, volunteers and members of the royal family have been arrested. Saudi authorities arrested dozens of high-profile Islamic scholars, including Sheikh Salman al-Awda, Sheikh Awad al-Qarni, and Sheikh Ali al-Omari. These arrests were part of a wider crackdown on dissent and criticism of the government, and the scholars were accused of a range of charges, including terrorism, incitement, and supporting extremist groups.

In 2018, the Saudi government also arrested and detained several prominent women's rights activists, including several who had spoken out against the country's strict gender segregation laws. These arrests were widely criticized by human rights groups, who accused the government of silencing dissent and cracking down on basic human rights.

Saudi Arabia's government has made some efforts in recent years to loosen restrictions on religious expression, the country continues to tightly control the activities of Islamic scholars and other religious figures.[1][2]

Background

Saudi Arabia is a predominantly Muslim country, and its government has long claimed to be the custodian of Islam's two holiest sites, Mecca and Medina. The country has traditionally followed a strict interpretation of Sunni Islam known as Wahhabism, which emphasizes adherence to the Quran and the Hadith, the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad without relying on traditional interpretations and instead opting for a more literal approach.

However, in recent years, there has been growing criticism of the government's religious policies, particularly from scholars who have challenged the government's interpretation of Islam and its policies towards other Muslim countries.

Under Vision 2030 Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia's conservative society has introduced a number of modern reforms on economic, social and religious, including easing laws to allow women to work and drive for the first time and attend public gatherings, as well as freedom of mixed musical concerts and entertainment, and opening cinema halls.[3][4][5][6][7]

Speaking to Al Jazeera, Yahya Assiri, a human rights activist from Saudi Arabia in the UK, said that the Saudi authorities were keeping a close eye on anyone who was influential and of social importance. He said that even those who are silent or those who have pledged allegiance to the government and those who appreciate the government and its actions, no one is safe.[8]

Crackdown

In September 2017, the Saudi government arrested a number of prominent scholars and thinkers, including Salman al-Ouda, Awad al-Qarni, and Ali al-Omari. Sheikh Salman al-Awdah is widely recognized as a progressive Islamic scholar, and UN experts have described him as a "reformist." Al-Qarni, on the other hand, is known as a preacher, academic, and author, while al-Omari is a popular broadcaster. The arrests of these individuals have triggered strong condemnation not only from the United Nations but also from several prominent human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International.[9]

Over the following months, more scholars were arrested and jailed, and others were banned from speaking or writing. The government accused the scholars of promoting terrorism, spreading false information, and inciting public disorder. For example, Mohammed Alhajji, a well-known Saudi academic and influential figure on Snapchat, found himself in the custody of Saudi authorities. Experts have pointed to this incident as indicative of the Saudi government's intensified actions against social media participants.[10] Another instance involves Safar al-Hawali, a distinguished scholar who has been held in confinement for more than 1,000 days.[11]

Criticism

The crackdown has been widely criticized by human rights groups and scholars around the world. For example, Yahya Ibrahim Assiri, a Saudi dissident residing in the UK and the founder of the human rights group ALQST, has expressed that Saudi Arabia continues to target individuals they perceive as potential critics, regardless of when they may choose to express their views.

Jamal Khashoggi, the Saudi journalist who assassinated in 2018, had decried the numerous arrests orchestrated by the crown prince's government in one of his final columns for The Washington Post. He also highlighted the "public shaming of intellectuals and religious leaders who dare to express opinions contrary to those of my country's leadership."[12]

Some scholars have also accused the government of abandoning traditional Islamic values in favor of political expediency, and of using its religious authority to legitimize its policies and suppress dissent. Various voices, including Khaled A. Beydoun, a law professor and author of "American Islamophobia: Understanding the Roots and Rise of Fear," have expressed their perspectives. In an opinion piece for Al Jazeera, Beydoun conveyed that "Saudi Arabia does not represent Islam" and characterized the Saudi state as being governed by a select few who are both desperate and austere.[13]

Madawi Al-Rasheed, a visiting professor at the Middle East Centre at LSE, has also contributed to the discussion, writing about the ongoing challenges facing Saudi Arabia. She describes the nation as grappling with a perpetual struggle between the forces of modernity and the forces of traditionalism.[14]

Reactions

The crackdown has raised serious concerns about freedom of speech and the government's commitment to human rights and the rule of law.

  • Prisoners of Conscience an organization that tweets as معتقلي الرأي is a human rights organization that tracks the arrests in the kingdom.[15]

Arrests

Prominent arrests
ArrestedStatusAccusationRef(s)
Aid al-QarniDetained
Ibrahim al-SakranDetained
Salman al-OudaDetained/Facing the death penaltyuncertain[16][20]
Saleh Al-TalibDetainedcriticized mixed public gatherings[21]
Ahmed al-AmariDied/killed in custody[22]
Omar Al-MuqbilDetainedcriticised the policies of the General Entertainment Authority (GEA)[23]
Safar al-HawaliDetainedpublished a book that included the ruling Saudi royal family over relations with Israel.[24]
Abdulaziz al-TarefeDetainedCalling the Saudi government an apostate.[25]
Fahd Al-QadiDied in prisonfor writing advice letter to Saudi king[26]
Abd Al-Aziz Fawzan Al-FawzanDetainedcriticized the arrests of other clerics[27]
Musa Al- GhanamiDetaineduncertain[28]
Muhammad Musa Al-SharifDetaineduncertain[29]

References

  1. "Saudi Arabia: Prominent Clerics Arrested". 15 September 2017.
  2. "Saudi clerics detained in apparent bid to silence dissent". Reuters. 11 September 2017.
  3. "سعودی عرب نے امام کعبہ شیخ صالح الطالب کو گرفتارکرلیا الجزیرہ کا دعویٰ". 24 August 2018.
  4. "وصم علماء السعودية للإخوان بـ"الإرهاب".. مغزى التوقيت والهدف؟ | Dw | 19.11.2020". Deutsche Welle.
  5. "علماء في عهد "بن سلمان".. مصداقية ضائعة". www.aa.com.tr.
  6. "لماذا أعلنت هيئة كبار العلماء السعودية جماعة الإخوان "إرهابية" بعد فوز بايدن؟". BBC News عربي.
  7. "كبار العلماء" تحذر من "علماء المسلمين": تقدم مصلحة حركة على الإسلام". 27 October 2017.
  8. "حکومتی پالیسی کے خلاف 'بیان' پر امامِ کعبہ شیخ الطالب گرفتار". Dunya Urdu.
  9. "Saudi Arabia to execute three scholars after Ramadan: Report | Human Rights News". Al Jazeera. 2019-05-22. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  10. Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (13 August 2023). "Arrest of Saudi scholar and influencer another sign of social media crackdown | Saudi Arabia". The Guardian. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  11. Osman, Nadda (2021-03-08). "Saudi Arabia: Online campaign for the release of prominent scholar Safar al-Hawali". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  12. Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (13 August 2023). "Arrest of Saudi scholar and influencer another sign of social media crackdown". The Guardian.
  13. "The Saudi regime does not represent Islam".
  14. "Beyond Tradition and Modernity: Dilemmas of Transformation in Saudi Arabia | al Jazeera Centre for Studies".
  15. "منظمة دولية تدعو لضغط عالمي على السعودية للإفراج عن معتقلي الرأي". www.aljazeera.net.
  16. "Prominent reformist cleric in Saudi Arabia faces death sentence for his peaceful activism". 26 July 2019.
  17. "Saudi Arabia reportedly planning to execute 3 leading Muslim scholars".
  18. "Saudi Arabia's Religious Reforms Are Touching Nothing but Changing Everything - Islamic Institutions in Arab States: Mapping the Dynamics of Control, Co-option, and Contention".
  19. "Saudi Arabia to execute three scholars after Ramadan: Report".
  20. "Prominent Saudi cleric's trial postponed after 2 years".
  21. "Saudi 'detains' Mecca imam who 'challenged mixed gatherings'".
  22. "Prominent Saudi scholar Ahmed al-Amari dies in prison: Activists".
  23. "Saudi scholar 'held' after criticising entertainment authority".
  24. "'Resurrection' of Safar al-Hawali". 20 July 2018.
  25. "Saudi rulers under fire after arrest of well-known Islamic preacher". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.
  26. "Prominent sheikh dies in Saudi prison". 14 November 2019.
  27. "Saudi cleric Abdelaziz al-Fawzan arrested over 'war on religion' tweets". Middle East Eye.
  28. "Four years after his arrest - Human Rights NGOs call on the Saudi authorities to reveal the fate of Musa Al-Ghanami - Together for Justice". 22 May 2021.
  29. ""معتقلي الرأي": عقد جلسة محاكمة للداعية السعودي محمد موسى الشريف". mubasher.aljazeera.net.
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