Sayyid Abdurrahman

Sayyid Abdurrahman (Lak: Жамалуттиннул арс АьблурахIман Гъази-Гъумучиял, Arabic: السيد عبد الرحمن ، ابن جمال الدين الحسيني الغازيجوموكي الداغستاني) was the son-in-law of Imam Shamil,[1] a participant in the Caucasian War and the author of the chronicles of Dagestan in the 19th-century during the time of the Caucasian Imamate.[2][3]

Sayyid Abdurrahman
BornFebruary 1, 1831
Kumukh village, Gazikumukh Khanate
Died1901
Kumukh village, Russian Empire
OccupationCompanion of Imam Shamil, chronicler of the Caucasian War, qadi
SpouseNafisat, daughter of Imam Shamil
Relativesfather Jamaluddin

Biography

Early years

Sayyid Abdurrahman was born in the family of Sheikh Jamaluddin in the village of Gazikumukh in 1837, who was the spiritual mentor of Imams Ghazi Muhammad and Imam Shamil.[4] Nisba "al-Husayni" means that Abdurrahman is a descendant[5] of Husayn ibn Ali in the 32nd generation.[6] From his father he received a good education at home, after which he studied in many villages of Dagestan,[7] he knew Arabic and was well acquainted with Muslim law, grammar and poetry.[8]

After completing his studies, he settled in the capital of the Imamate Vedeno, where his father was on Shamil's council. At a fairly early age he married the daughter of Imam Shamil Nafisat.[9] His brother Abdurahim was also married to the Imam's daughter Fatima, and Imam Shamil himself married their sister Zagidat.[10] After the wedding, Abdurrahman entered the immediate circle of the Imam and is inseparably with him, accompanying the imam on campaigns and battles and often serving as a clerk for him.[10][11]

In 1859, the Russian army takes the village of Vedeno by storm. The Imam with his family and closest associates, including Abdurrahman, moves to the mountains of Dagestan. Shamil's path lay first on mount Kilyatl, but the inhabitants of the surrounding regions did not respond to the call of the Imam to defend himself, and he had to go to mount Gunib,[12] a natural fortress for the defense of which even a small army was enough.[13] Abdurrahman actively participates in the defense of Gunib, being near the imam and accompanies Shamil for negotiations with general Aleksandr Baryatinsky.[10][14]

In Kaluga

After the capture of Imam Shamil, Abdurahкman and his family leave Dagestan and go to Kaluga, where by order of Alexander II of Russia Shamil was supposed to be in exile.[10][15] The bailiff in Shamil's house is сaptain Apollon Runovsky,[16] who had a great influence on Abdurrahman – it was on his advice that Abdurrahman began writing his memoirs, which would later be published under the title "Hulasat at-tafeil"[17] ("A summary of a detailed description of the affairs of Imam Shamil").[18]

The book describes the last days of the existence of the Caucasian Imamate, the transition of the Imam from Vedeno to Dagestan, the betrayals of the naibs of the Imam, the capture of Gunib, Shamil's journey from Dagestan to Kaluga and other details from Shamil's life outside the Caucasus.[19][20] A large place in the book is devoted to various parables, poetry and admonitions to the inhabitants of Dagestan.[21]

Abdurrahman quickly learned Russian, writes and speaks it easily. According to academician Krachkovsky, Abdurrahman "significantly became Russified during his long stay in Kaluga".[22]

In Tbilisi

In 1866, Abdurahman's wife Nafisat fell ill and died suddenly. Having obtained permission from the authorities to bury his wife in her homeland in the village of Gimry, Abdurrahman no longer returns to Kaluga, but goes to Tbilisi, where he is enrolled in the Dagestan permanent police.[10] There he finishes work on his second book Kitab tazkir – ("The book of memoirs of Sayyid Abdurrahman, son of Ustaz, Sheikh of the tariqat Jamaluddin al-Husayni about the affairs of the inhabitants of Dagestan and Chechnya. Composed and written in Tiflis in 1285 AH (1869)").[10]

In his work, Abdurrahman describes in detail the life, way of life and customs of Dagestan and Chechnya. He gives unique information about the life of three Imams, about the structure of the Shamil's Imamate, describes the villages of Dagestan, their inhabitants, also tells in detail about the life and tragic death of the son of Imam Shamil Jamaluddin, about the decline of the Imams, the defense of Gunib and negotiations between Shamil and general Baryatinsky.[23][24]

In Dagestan

In 1871, Abdurrahman entered the disposal of the head of the Dagestan region, with the appointment of a lifelong pension for him and moved first to Buynaksk, and from there to his native Gazikumukh. When, against the backdrop of the war in 1877, an uprising rises in Chechnya and Dagestan he does not support it and even participates in the pacification of the highlanders.[25]

Later, in 1883, he would write his last work: "The Fall of Dagestan and Chechnya due to the incitement of the Ottomans in 1877," which academician Krachkovsky refers to as written "by direct order of the Russian authorities."[26]

Further information about the life of Abdurrahman is rather abrupt. It is only known for certain that in 1891 he worked as a qadi in Gazikumukh, where he later died in 1901.[10][27]

See also

References
  1. Akty sobrannye Kavkazskoi︠u︡ arkheograficheskoi︠u︡ kommissīei︠u︡: Arkhiv Glavnago upravlenīi︠a︡ nami︠e︡stnika kavkazskago (Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission: Archive of the Main Directorate of the Viceroy of the Caucasus). 1904. p. 437.
  2. Ibragimov, Zarema (2017). World of Chechens. 19th-century. Litres. ISBN 978-5-457-95834-0.
  3. Arapov, Dmitry; Bobrovnikov, V. O.; Babich, I. L. (2007). North Caucasus as part of the Russian Empire. Новое литературное обозрение. p. 313. ISBN 978-5-86793-529-0.
  4. Kaziev, Shapi (2018). Imam Shamil. Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya. pp. 24–27. ISBN 978-5-235-04125-7.
  5. Russkaja starina: ežeměsjačnoe istoričeskoe izdanie (Russian antiquity). 1877. p. 260.
  6. Majlisov, Adel (1967). Agrarian relations in Eastern Bukhara in the 19th – early 20th century. Irfon. p. 43.
  7. Abdurakhman (2002). Brief summary of the detailed description of the affairs of Imam Shamil: Kaluga. "Восточная литература" РАН. p. 12. ISBN 978-5-02-018214-1.
  8. Abdurahman (1997). Book of Memories (PDF). Translated by Shikhsaidov, Amri. Makhachkala: Dagknigizdat. Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 5.
  9. Dagestan shrines. Book two. Litres. 2022-05-15. ISBN 978-5-457-68716-5.
  10. Gadzhiev M. S.; Navruzov A. R.; Shikhsaidov A. R. (2008). Dagestan shrines [collection of 3 books]. Makhachkala: Эпоха. p. 132. ISBN 978-5-98390-051-6.
  11. Gadzhiev, Bulach (2022-03-25). Poles in Dagestan. Litres. ISBN 978-5-457-68736-3.
  12. Russkoe slovo (Russian word). Izd. Gr. Kusheleva-Bezborodko, v tip. Ri͡umina i Komp. 1865. pp. 121–123.
  13. Gadzhiev, Bulach (2005). Dagestanis: tsarist officers. Изд-во "Юпитер". p. 269. ISBN 978-5-7895-0004-0.
  14. Abdurahman (2002). Brief summary of a detailed description of the affairs of Imam Shamil (PDF). Moscow: Eastern literature. ISBN 5-02-018214-1.
  15. Русская старина (Russian antiquity). P. N. Voronov. 1877. pp. 268, 478.
  16. "Apollon Runovsky – bailiff of Shamil". www.gazavat.ru. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
  17. Abdurakhman (2002). Brief summary of the detailed description of the affairs of Imam Shamil: Kaluga. "Восточная литература" РАН. p. 145. ISBN 978-5-02-018214-1.
  18. Pikul, Valentin (2018-07-11). Visiting Imam Shamil. Litres. ISBN 978-5-457-09809-1.
  19. Gadzhiev, Bulach (1992). Shamil from Gimry to Medina. Дагестанское книжное изд-во. pp. 48, 67. ISBN 978-5-297-00992-9.
  20. Gadzhiev, Bulach (2022-05-15). Daughters of Dagestan. Litres. ISBN 978-5-457-67527-8.
  21. Dadaev, Yusup (2006). State of Shamil: socio-economic situation, political-legal and military-administrative system of government. Ихлас. p. 415.
  22. Krachkovsky, Ignaty (1960). Selected works [In 6 volumes]. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. p. 607.
  23. Suvorova, Natalia (2005). Asian Russia: people and structures of the empire: collection of scientific articles. Dostoevsky Omsk State University. p. 28. ISBN 978-5-7779-0629-8.
  24. Magomedsalihov, Haybula (2003). Maslaat (advise): traditional forms of conflict resolution among the Avars in the 19th – early. 20th centuries. Издательский дом "Эпоха". p. 136.
  25. Tagirova N. A. (2016). "Abdurrahman from Gazikumukh: a biographical sketch". Bulletin of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Scientific Journal (60): 99. ISSN 1684-792X.
  26. Musaev M. A.; Shekhmagomedov M. G. (2011). "The work of Abdurakhman from Gazikumukh "The fall of Dagestan and Chechnya due to the incitement of the Ottomans in 1294"". Bulletin of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Scientific Journal (43): 72–78. ISSN 1684-792X.
  27. Krachkovsky, Ignaty (1960). Selected works [In 6 volumes]. Moscow, St. Petersburg: Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. p. 561.

Sources
  • Runovsky A. I. (1862) Excerpts from the notes of Abdurrahman, son of Jamaluddin, about Shamil's stay in Vedeno and other things. // Tbilis: Caucasus: newspaper (No. 72).
  • Krachkovsky, Ignaty (1960). Selected works [In 6 volumes]. Moscow, St. Petersburg: Acad. Sciences of the USSR. p. 561.
  • Gadzhiev, Bulach (1992). Shamil from Gimry to Medina. Дагестанское книжное изд-во. pp. 48, 67. ISBN 978-5-297-00992-9.
  • Gadzhiev M. S.; Navruzov A. R.; Shikhsaidov A. R. (2008). Dagestan shrines [collection of 3 books]. Makhachkala: Эпоха. p. 132. ISBN 978-5-98390-051-6.
  • Tagirova N. A. (2016). "Abdurrahman from Gazikumukh: a biographical sketch". Bulletin of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences: scientific journal (60): 99. ISSN 1684-792X.
  • Ibragimov, Zarema (2017). World of Chechens. 19th-century. Litres. ISBN 978-5-457-95834-0.
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