Sean Bourke

Sean Aloysius Bourke (1934–1982), from Limerick, aided in the prison escape of the British spy George Blake in October 1966. Blake had been convicted in 1961 of spying for the Soviet Union. After the escape, Blake eventually made his way to Moscow; Bourke did too, but eventually returned to Ireland. Bourke's co-conspirators were Michael Randle and Pat Pottle.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

Only Pottle and Randle were criminally charged for abetting the escape, and they were eventually found not guilty by a jury, based on their claims that they helped Blake escape because his 42-year sentence was "inhuman".[4] Bourke was never charged over the matter, for the Republic of Ireland refused to extradite him to the United Kingdom.[8]

Life

Bourke was born in Limerick into a large family. Poet Desmond O'Grady was his first cousin. As a boy of 12, Bourke was sentenced to three years in Daingean reformatory in October 1947 for stealing bananas from a lorry.[9] Subsequently he trained as a bricklayer but was frequently in trouble with the law, owing in part to his alcoholism.

Having moved to Britain, in 1961 he was convicted of sending an explosive device through the post to a Detective Constable Michael Sheldon, against whom he bore a grudge. The bomb exploded, but caused no injury.[10] He was sentenced to seven years in prison.[11] While in Wormwood Scrubs prison in London, he founded and edited the prison magazine, New Horizon.[10]

In this role he met George Blake, who wrote contributions for the magazine. Bourke also met anti-nuclear campaigners Randle and Pottle in the prison.[12]

George Blake escape

After his release, Bourke set about organising Blake's escape from Wormwood Scrubs. The escape was masterminded by Bourke, who originally approached Michael Randle only for financial help. Randle, however, became more involved and suggested they bring Pat Pottle in on the plan as well, for Pottle had originally suggested to Randle, in 1962 when they were both still in prison, the idea of springing Blake.

Bourke had smuggled a walkie-talkie to Blake to communicate with him whilst in jail. It was decided that Blake would break a window at the end of the corridor where his cell was located. Then between 6 and 7 pm, whilst most of the other inmates and guards were at the weekly film showing, Blake could climb through the window, slide down a porch and get to the perimeter wall; at that point, Bourke would throw a rope ladder made of knitting needles over the wall so that Blake could climb over and they would then drive off to the safe house. The escape was successful, although Blake fell from the wall and broke his wrist.[10]

Randle and Pottle later wrote that they got Blake out of the area, first to Dover, hidden in a van, and then to a checkpoint in East Germany. From there, Blake was able to get to the Soviet Union.[13][14]

Shortly afterwards, Bourke joined Blake in Moscow, where he lived for a year and a half on an allowance provided by the Soviets.[10] However, he disliked Russia and so he was allowed to return to Ireland. The Soviets refused to allow Bourke to take the manuscript of his book, The Springing of George Blake, out of the country; he later re-wrote the text.[15]

Two interviews of Bourke were made, and appear in a video clip: one a 1968 interview from a British documentary, and the other a later RTÉ interview by Mike Murphy.[16] The British documentary includes a recording which Bourke made of a two-way radio conversation he had with Blake inside the prison, on 18 October 1966, four days before the escape.

The UK tried to have Bourke extradited to face criminal charges, but the Irish Supreme Court rejected this request in 1973, ruling that Bourke's aid of Blake's escape fell within the political offence exception to Ireland's extradition laws.[17][18] An attempt to get him extradited on the separate charge of threatening the life of Detective Sheldon (in an abusive letter he had sent to the policeman) also failed. Hence, no charges were laid against Bourke for his role in the escape of George Blake. Randle and Pottle were prosecuted in 1991, but the jury found them not guilty, accepting their claim that their acts had been a moral response to the excessively long ("inhuman") sentence that Blake had received.[19]

Later life

After returning to Ireland, Bourke published his book The Springing of George Blake, an account of the escape.[20] He also wrote a number of articles, including a harrowing account of his time in Daingean reformatory, published in Old Limerick Journal in 1982.[9]

He spent the royalties from his book, helping the poor and disadvantaged of Limerick, as well as money he had been given by the Soviet Union and by his supporters. He gave financial support to local politician Jim Kemmy of the Democratic Socialist Party.[21]

By 1981 Bourke had left Limerick and was living in a caravan in the Percy French Estate in Kilkee, and claimed to be writing a book on his life in Moscow and his conversations with George Blake, with the working title The Scrubbers. He eventually obtained some funds from the estate of his uncle "Feathery" Bourke, but claimed that the lawyers received more than he did.[22]

Death

Bourke was almost penniless during his last years of living in the caravan, suffering increasingly from alcohol-related health problems. He collapsed and died while walking down the road. The coroner gave his cause of death as "acute pneumenory odema, Coronary thrombosis". Two local doctors disagreed with this assessment.[22]

A local newspaper report added the following specifics to the circumstances of Bourke's death:[23]

"Only a few hundred yards from Kilkee, he was seen to stagger, clutch his chest and fall dying onto the grass margin. In the vital hours between word of his death reaching Limerick and relatives, the manuscript that Sean Bourke had been working on somehow disappeared. ... [in] the caravan, there was no sign of any papers".

Years later, after defecting to the West, former KGB officer Oleg Kalugin claimed in his book, The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West,[24] that Bourke's death was the eventual result of a poisoning ordered by Aleksandr Sakharovsky.[25][26]

In culture

Sean Bourke appears as a character in Simon Gray's play Cell Mates, which tells the story of Blake's escape from Wormwood Scrubs and of Bourke's subsequent visit to Moscow. In the original production, Bourke was played by Rik Mayall. The BBC Radio play After the Break by Ian Curteis examines his relationship with George Blake after the escape from Wormwood Scrubs. In it, the epilogue says that he was found dead under a cherry tree beside the Liffey.

Shortly after Bourke's death in 1983 RTÉ broadcast a radio documentary on his life titled A Death in January.[27]

References
  1. O'Connor, Kevin (2003). Blake and Bourke and The End of Empires. London: Prendeville Publishing. ISBN 0-9535697-3-X.
  2. Harrington, Illtyd (29 May 2003). "Forget the train robbers, this was the great escape". Camden New Journal. London. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2009. – while this article provides some useful details, several dates have been transcribed incorrectly
  3. "Patrick Pottle (obituary)". The Daily Telegraph. London. 4 October 2000. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  4. Norton-Taylor, Richard (3 October 2000). "Pat Pottle". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016. insisted that their action was morally justified, and, ignoring a clear direction from the judge to convict, the jury unanimously acquitted them
  5. Cohen, Nick (9 October 2000). "A jailbreak out of an Ealing comedy". New Statesman. London.
  6. Michael Randle and Pat Pottle, The Blake Escape: How We Freed George Blake – and Why; ISBN 0-245-54781-9, 1989.
  7. Fagan, Kieran (5 May 2003). "Escape of the century – or farce?". The Irish Times. Dublin. ISSN 0791-5144. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
  8. Root, Neil (11 October 2011). Twentieth-Century Spies. ISBN 9780857653314. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  9. "Daingean Reformatory". Offaly Historical and Archaeological Society. 9 January 2007. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009.
  10. Michael Mok, "The Irish 'Who' in a British Whodunnit", Life, 24 January 1969, pp. 59–60
  11. Thomas, Rosamund M. (1991). Espionage and Secrecy: The Official Secrets Acts 1911–1989 of the United Kingdom. Taylor & Francis. p. 221. ISBN 0415040671.
  12. Simon Gray, Cell Mates, 1995.
  13. Norton-Taylor, Richard (22 October 2016). "'No regrets' says man who aided double agent George Blake to escape". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  14. Norton-Taylor, Richard (26 December 2020). "George Blake obituary". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  15. Berkeley, Roy (14 November 1994). A Spy's London. Pen and Sword. ISBN 1473827205. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  16. "Sean Bourke Interview (part 2)". Youtube. 11 January 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2020. Sean Bourke interview 1968 (Part 2) Describes how he engineered escape of George Blake from Wormwood Scrubs Prison to Moscow in 1966
  17. Cantrell, Charles L. (Spring 1977). "The Political Offense Exemption in International Extradition: A Comparison of the United States, Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland". Marquette Law Review. 60 (3). Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  18. Extradition (Irish Republic) Archived 12 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Hansard, 30 July 1982
  19. "Escape from Wormwood Scrubs: The True Story Of 'Spy' George Blake by Giovanni Di Stefano". OPC Global News. 27 December 2000. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  20. Bourke, Sean (1970). The Springing of George Blake. ISBN 0-304-93590-5.
  21. Smith, Raymond (1985). Garret, the enigma: Dr. Garret Fitzgerald (1st ed.). Aherlow. p. 58.
  22. "Sean Bourke (1934–1982)". Clare Heritage. 1 March 1990. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020. coroners report suggested he died from a heart attack, coronary thrombosis, but the two doctors at the scene disagreed
  23. "Limerick man behind spy jailbreak". The Clare Champion. Ennis. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  24. Manley, John (28 December 2020). "Top spy George Blake's escape aided by Limerick man Sean Bourke". The Irish News. Belfast. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  25. Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate, St. Martin's Press, 1994, pp. 139-140.
  26. Kalugin, Oleg (2009). Spymaster: My Thirty-two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West (PDF). Basic Books. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-465-01445-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  27. O'Connor, Kevin (producer) (21 January 1983). "'Documentary on One - A Death in January'". RTÉ.ie. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
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