Section 123 Agreement

Section 123 of the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954, titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation.[1][2] Such an agreement is called a 123 Agreement.[3] To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-three 123 Agreements with 48 countries.[4] A 2009 123 agreement signed with the United Arab Emirates by the Obama Administration was called the "gold standard" of 123 agreements."

Countries with which the U.S. has or had or is working towards having a 123 Agreement include:

• Morocco[5]
• Ukraine[6][7]

• Japan (with automatic re-processing rights)[8]
• Euratom (with automatic re-processing rights)[8]
• China (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request)[8]
• Switzerland
• India (With advance consent to reprocessing)[9]
• Russia (On September 8, 2008 Pres. George W. Bush notified the United States Congress that there was no basis for further consideration of a 123 agreement with Russia.)[10]
• United Arab Emirates[11]
• Egypt[12]
• Thailand[7]
• Argentina[7]
• Australia[7]
• Bangladesh[7]
• Brazil[7]
• Canada[7]
• Colombia[7]
• Indonesia[7]
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)[7]
• Turkey[7]
• Kazakhstan[7]
• Republic of Korea[7]
• South Africa[7]
• Taiwan[7]