Apocalypse of Zerubbabel

Sefer Zerubavel (Hebrew: ספר זרובבל), also called the Book of Zerubbabel or the Apocalypse of Zerubbabel, is a medieval Hebrew[1] apocalypse written at the beginning of the 7th century CE in the style of biblical visions (e.g. Daniel, Ezekiel) placed into the mouth of Zerubbabel,[2][3] the last descendant of the Davidic line to take a prominent part in Israel's history, who laid the foundation of the Second Temple in the 6th century BCE.[1] The enigmatic postexilic biblical leader receives a revelatory vision outlining personalities and events associated with the restoration of Israel, the End of Days,[4] and the establishment of the Third Temple.[1]

Rabbinic literature
Talmud Readers by Adolf Behrman
Talmudic literature
Tannaitic
Amoraic (Gemara)
Later
Halakhic Midrash
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers and Deuteronomy
Aggadic Midrash
Tannaitic
400–600 CE
650–900 CE
900–1000 CE
1000–1200 CE
Later
Targum
Torah
Nevi'im
Ketuvim
  • Targum Tehillim
  • Targum Mishlei
  • Targum Iyyov
  • Targum to the Five Megillot
  • Targum Sheni to Esther
  • Targum to Chronicles

History

The groundwork for the book was probably written in Palestine between 629 and 636,[5] during fierce struggles between Persia and the Byzantine Empire for control of the Holy Land[4] (qq.v. Byzantine-Arab Wars, Muslim conquest of Syria). These wars touched Byzantine Palestine and stirred Messianic hopes among Jews, including the author for whom the wars appear to be eschatological events leading to the appearance of the Messiah.[1] Armilus is thought to be a cryptogram for Heraclius, and that the events described in the Sefer Zerubbabel coincide with the Jewish revolt against Heraclius.[6] However, firm evidence of the work's existence prior to the tenth century is elusive.[4] The Zohar is cognizant of the legend of Hephzibah,[7] whom the apocalypse first names as the mother of the Davidic Messiah and a female warrior credited with killing multiple evil kings.[8] Rabbis Saadia Gaon (892–942) and Hai ben Sherira Gaon (939–1038) probably knew the book, but never mention it by name.[4]

Sefer Zerubbabel is extant in a number of manuscript and print recensions. What may be the oldest manuscript copy is part of a prayer book reportedly dated to about 840 CE.[9]

The first publication was in 1519 in Constantinople within an anthology called Liqqutim Shonim.[4] It was reprinted again along with the Sefer Malkiel in Vilna in 1819, and again by Adolph Jellinek in his Bet Ha-Midrasch (1853–77) and S. A. Wertheimer in his Leqet Midrashim (Jerusalem, 1903).[4] The fullest edition of the work was prepared by Israel Levi in his book L'apocalypse.[4]

Because the book gave an unequivocal date (1058 CE) for the return of the Messiah, it exerted great influence upon contemporary Messianic thought.[5] The book is mentioned by Eleazar of Worms[5] and supposedly[4] by Rashi.[5] Abraham ibn Ezra criticized the book as "unreliable."[4]

One edition of the Pirke Hekalot gave a figure of 890 years until the return of the Messiah, making the Messianic year 958 CE, within a decade of the birth of Saadia Gaon.[5] That date perhaps led to a message sent by Rhenish Jews to Palestine inquiring after rumors of the Messiah's advent.[5]

Contents

The sefer describes the eschatological struggle between the Antichrist[1] Armilus,[10] who is the leader of Rome and the Messiah ben Joseph, who fails in battle but paves the way for the Davidic Messiah[2] and the ultimate triumph of righteousness.[1] The original author expected the Messiah would come in the immediate future; subsequent editors substituted later dates.[5]

Set after Nebuchadnezzar's destruction of Jerusalem,[2] the book begins with Zerubbabel, whose name was associated with the first restoration, receiving a vision after praying for "knowledge of the form of the eternal house."[1] In the vision he is transported by the angel Metatron to Ninevah, the "city of blood" representing Rome[5] by which the author likely means Byzantium.[1] There he finds in the marketplace a "bruised and despised man" named Menahem ben Ammiel who reveals himself to be the Messiah ben David, doomed to abide there until his appointed hour. Zerubbabel asks when the lamp of Israel would be kindled.[5] Metatron interjects that the Messiah would return 990 years after the destruction of the Temple (approximately 1058 CE).[5]

Five years prior to the coming of Hephzibah,[7] who would be the mother of the Messiah ben David, the Messiah ben Joseph, Nehemiah ben Hushiel, will appear but he will be slain by Armilus.[5] Afterwards, the Messiah ben David will resurrect him.[5] The Sefer Zerubbabel mentions Gog and Armilus rather than Gog and Magog as the enemies.[11]

In the narrative Zerubbabel is led to a "house of disgrace" (a church), a kind of antitemple.[1] There he sees a beautiful statue of a woman (the Virgin Mary).[1] With Satan as the father, the statue gives birth to the Antichrist Armilus.[1] Forces associated with Armilus and the antitemple come to rule over the entire world.[1] But in the end these forces are defeated.[1] The work concludes with Zerubbabel's vision of the descent of the Heavenly Temple to earth.[1] Thus the "form of the eternal house" is revealed; unlike the Second Temple it is made in heaven.[1]

According to Martha Himmelfarb (2002) alongside from a passage in the Tractate Berakhot 2.4 10ff in the Talmud Yerushalmi, dealing with the mother of the Messiah Menahem ben Ammiel, Sefer Zerubbabel is the only early Jewish text to import a mother of the Messiah into Judaism.[12] In the Sefer Zerubbabel Menahem is Menahem ben Ammiel, and his mother is Hephzibah, the same name as the wife of Hezekiah and mother of Manasseh.[13] Hephzibah plays an important role as she finds and uses Aaron's rod.[14]

See also

References
  1. Himmelfarb, Martha (1998). David Stern and Mark Mirsky (ed.). Rabbinic Fantasies: Imaginative Narratives from Classical Hebrew Literature. Yale University Press. p. 67f. ISBN 0-300-07402-6.
  2. Strack, Hermann Leberecht; Gunter Stemberger (1992). Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash. Markus Bockmuehl (trans.). Fortress Press. p. 327. ISBN 0-8006-2524-2.
  3. also spelled Zrubavel
  4. Reeves, John C. (2005). Trajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic: A Postrabbinic Jewish Apocalypse Reader. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 40f. ISBN 1-58983-102-0.
  5. Silver, Abba Hillel (1927). "II The Mohammedan Period". History of Messianic Speculation in Israel—From the First Through the Seventeenth Centuries. The MacMillan Company. p. 49. ISBN 0-7661-3514-4.
  6. Jewish Martyrs in the Pagan and Christian Worlds. Cambridge university press. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo. 2006. pp. 108–109. ISBN 9781139446020. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
  7. also spelled Hephsibah, Hephzibah
  8. The Apocalypse: A Brief History (PDF). Wiley-Blackwell: A John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Publication. Malden (Massachusetts), Oxford, West Sussex. 2010. pp. 120–121. ISBN 9781405113472. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
  9. "Green Scholars Discover World's Oldest Jewish Prayer Book - DeMoss - Thinking | PR". Archived from the original on 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2013-10-06.
  10. also spelled Armilos, Armilius
  11. John C. Reeves (2005). Trajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic: A Postrabbinic Jewish Apocalypse Reader. Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta. p. 60. ISBN 9781589831025. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  12. Martha Himmelfarb, The Mother of the Messiah in the Talmud Yerushalmi and Sefer Zerubbabel, in Peter Schäfer (ed.) The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture: Volume 3, Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2002, p. 369, "Through the centuries the Virgin Mary has played a central role in Christian piety. Unlike so many aspects of Christianity, veneration of the ...Here I wish to discuss two texts that actually import a mother of the messiah into Judaism, a passage from Tractate Berakhot in the Talmud Yerushalmi and the Hebrew apocalypse Sefer Zerubbabel. As far as I know, these two texts, together with several reworkings of the story from the Yerushalmi that appear in later rabbinic collections, are the only texts to make this daring move. The Talmud Yerushalmi took shape in Roman.."
  13. Raʻanan S. Boustan From martyr to mystic: rabbinic martyrology and the making of Merkavah Mysticism (Studies & Texts in Ancient Judaism) (9783161487538) Page 107 2005 "Martha Himmelfarb has rightly argued that the figure of Heftsibah, the mother of Menahem son of Ammiel, the Davidic Messiah in Sefer Zerubbabel, "should be understood as a counterpart to the figure of the Virgin Mary in contemporary "
  14. John C. Reeves (2005). Trajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic: A Postrabbinic Jewish Apocalypse Reader. Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta. p. 56. ISBN 9781589831025. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
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