Sennedjem

Sennedjem was an ancient Egyptian official active in the early Nineteenth Dynasty during the reigns of the pharaohs Seti I and Ramesses II.[4] He bore the title "servant in the Place of Truth" (sḏm ꜥš m s.t mꜣꜥ.t),[5] which indicates he was part of the community of royal tomb builders at Deir el-Medina.[6] He may have been a scribe, based on the presence of an ostracon of the Tale of Sinuhe placed near his coffin.[5] Sennedjem was involved in the cult of the goddess Hathor, bearing the title "servant of Hathor".[7] His mummy has not been X-rayed or CT-scanned so nothing is known about his health or age at death.[8]

His father was Khabekhnet, whose title is "servant of Amun in the southern City". Tahenu (or Taha(y)nu) is thought to be his mother.[9] Khabekhnet and Tahenu are depicted with an additional woman named Rusu whose relationship to the couple is not specified. She may have been a second wife of Khabekhnet or Khabekhnet's own mother.[10] Sennedjem had a probable elder brother named Tjaro and likely two further brothers named Tutuya (or Tutuia) and Messu (or Mose).[11][12]

Sennedjem's wife was Iyneferti. She is titled "lady of the house" (nb.t-pr) and "singer of Hathor" (ḥs.t n(t) Hw.t-Ḥr).[7][13] Little is known of her family but her mother may have been a woman named Mutnofret.[14] Examination of her body in 1933 estimated she died as an elderly woman of at least 75 years of age. She was toothless and had spinal arthritis.[15] She may have been blind in her old age, as a stele dedicated by her and her son Anhotep asks the lunar form of the god Thoth and a form of the sun god to "be merciful to me, for you have caused me to see darkness by day".[16]

Sennedjem and Iyneferti had at least 10 known children, many of whom are depicted in their tomb and also worked in the royal necropolis. Their eldest son Khabekhnet, named for his paternal grandfather, was the owner of the nearby tomb TT2. A younger son, Khonsu, had a pyramid chapel within his father's tomb complex and was buried in his father's tomb. Sennedjem and one or two of his sons lived in a cluster of houses in the newly built southern part of Deir el-Medina, close to the family tomb.[17][18]

Sennedjem and his family had a tomb, now numbered TT1, at the southern end of the Deir el-Medina necropolis. The funerary complex contains three pyramid-shaped chapels within a walled courtyard.[19] Sennedjem's chapel is the central of the three. It was constructed of a mix of mudbrick and stone, as was typical for the Nineteenth Dynasty. This chapel is flanked on the north side by the smaller pyramid-chapel of Khonsu. Due to lack of space, its walls are initially vertical before sloping to become a pyramid. A wall divided the chapels of Sennedjem and Khonsu from the larger southernmost pyramid chapel.[20] It is the oldest of the three, being constructed entirely of mudbrick and therefore dating its construction to the Eighteenth Dynasty.[21] The southern pyramid chapel is assigned to Tjaro, thought to be Sennedjem's elder brother[9][22] or Khabekhnet, Sennedjem's father.[23][24] The southern chapel was never used as the burial shaft is unfinished.[24]

The intact burial chamber of TT1 was discovered in January 1886 by Gurnawi local Salam Abu Duhi and three others. They had obtained permission from Gaston Maspero, the director of the Antiquities Service, to look for tombs in Deir el-Medina. After seven days of excavation, they found an intact burial shaft that led to a series of underground rooms. The tomb descended further via a concealed shaft leading to a painted doorway closed with a decorated door sealed with a moulded clay seal in the shape of the head of Anubis.[25] On 31 January Maspero was informed of the find, and visited with Urbain Bouriant, Eduardo Toda y Güell and Jan Herman Insinger on 1 February.[26] The painted burial chamber contained the burials of at least 20 people and were accompanied by a wide variety of objects. Both coffined and uncoffined mummies were placed against the west wall of the chamber, while funerary equipment such as disassembled funerary shrines, canopic chests, and ushabti, were mixed with work tools, boxes, vases, furniture, food, and bouquets.[25][27] Those interred in the tomb included Sennedjem, his wife Iyneferti, and some of their children including Khonsu and his wife Tamaket, Parahotep, Taashen, Ramose, and Hathor, and grandchildren such as Isis, daughter of Khonsu. Two infants were buried in wooden boxes.[28] Nine burials were in coffins (eight adults, one child), and 11 individuals were buried without coffins.[27] The bodies of the child and the two foetuses were given floral garlands.[29]

• Andreu-Lanoë, Guillemette (2022). ""Workmen", "Craftsmen","Artists"? Unknown Archives Helping to Name the Men of the Community of Deir el-Medina". Deir el-Medina: Through the Kaleidoscope; Proceedings of the International Workshop Turin 8th-10th October 2018. Turin: Museo Egizio. pp. 63–74. ISBN 9788857018300.
• Davies, Benedict G. (1999). Who's Who at Deir el-Medina: A prospographic study of the royal workmen's community. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. ISBN 90-6258-213-3.
• Farid, Hany; Farid, Samir (2001). "Unfolding Sennedjem's Tomb" (PDF). KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt. 12 (2). Retrieved 28 May 2023.
• Gabler, Kathrin; Salmas, Anne-Claire (2022). ""Make Yourself at Home": Some "House Biographies" From Deir el-Medina, With a Special Focus on the Domestic (and Funerary) Spaces of Sennedjem's Family". Deir el-Medina: Through the Kaleidoscope; Proceedings of the International Workshop Turin 8th-10th October 2018. Turin: Museo Egizio. pp. 75–141. ISBN 9788857018300.
• Mahmoud, Adel (1999). "Ii-neferti, a Poor Woman". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo. 55: 315–323.
• Mahmoud Abd el-Qader, Adel (2011). Donnat, Sylvie (ed.). Catalogue of Funerary Objects from the Tomb of the Servant in the Place of Truth Sennedjem (TT1) : ushabtis, ushabtis in coffins, ushabti boxes, canopic coffins, canopic chests, cosmetic chests, furniture, dummy vases, pottery jars, and walking sticks, mainly from Egyptian Museum in Cairo and Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. ISBN 978-2-7247-0575-1. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
• Menéndez, Gema (2018). "Who Painted the Tomb of Sennedjem?" (PDF). Trabajos de Egiptología. Papers on Ancient Egypt. 9 (9): 145–160. doi:10.25145/j.TdE.2018.09.05. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
• Sabbahy, Lisa (2010). "The People of Deir El-Medineh: A Preliminary Paleopathology Study". Anthropologie. 48 (2): 117–120. ISSN 0323-1119. JSTOR 26292900.
• Sousa, Rogerio (2019). Gilded Flesh: Coffins and Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-78925-265-1. Retrieved 11 February 2022.