Seven chieftains of the Magyars

The Seven chieftains of the Magyars (or Hungarians) were the leaders of the seven tribes of the Hungarians at the time of their arrival in the Carpathian Basin in AD 895. Constantine VII, emperor of the Byzantine Empire names the seven tribes in his De Administrando Imperio, a list that can be verified with names of Hungarian settlements. The names of the chieftains, however, are not precisely known, as the chronicles include contradictory lists, some of which have been found to be false.

Chronicon Pictum, Hungarian, Seven Chieftains, Álmos, Árpád, shield, Turul, bird, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history
The Seven chieftains of the Hungarian tribes in the Chronicon Pictum
Chronicon Pictum, Hungarian, Álmos, chieftain, grand prince, sword, red armor, shield, Turul, bird, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history
Álmos as depicted in the Chronicon Pictum
The chieftains. Detail from Árpád Feszty's cyclorama titled the Arrival of the Hungarians.

Chieftains

Constantine VII does not give the names of the chieftains of the Hungarian tribes, but describes some aspects of the leadership.

According to Anonymus

A Hungarian chronicler known as Anonymus, author of Gesta Hungarorum, names the seven chieftains as:

Most probably all persons on this list were real and significant personalities, but the list, as that of the seven chieftains who started the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, is certainly false.[1] Constantine VII names Tas as a grandson of Árpád. The relations of the early Hungarian leaders are subject of debate between historians.

According to Simon of Kéza

Hungarian chronicler Simon of Kéza names seven captains who led seven tribes in the Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum:

This list, having more legendary elements, is even less credible than that of Anonymus: only Árpád and Szabolcs match the time of the conquest.

According to Mark of Kalt

Hungarian chronicler Mark of Kalt names seven captains who led seven tribes in the Chronicon Pictum:


  • Chronicon Pictum, Hungarian, Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, shield, Turul, bird, sword, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history
    Árpád, the first captain
  • Chronicon Pictum, Hungarian, Szabolcs, chieftain, shield, spear, armor, red, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history
    Szabolcs, the second captain
  • Chronicon Pictum, Hungarian, Gyula, chieftain, spear, armor, helmet, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history
    Gyula, the third captain
  • Chronicon Pictum, Hungarian, Kund, chieftain, spear, shield, armor, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history
    Kund, the fourth captain
  • Chronicon Pictum, Hungarian, Lehel, Bulcsú, Örs, chieftain, captain, shield, sword, saber, spear, medieval, chronicle, book, illumination, illustration, history
    Lehel, the fifth, Bulcsú, the sixth and Örs, the seventh captain

And this Captain Árpád had a special dignity in Scythia, it was the custom of his clan, according to the Scythian law and tradition, that he went alone before those who went to war and those who retreated, saying, therefore he was the first to enter this land before the other captains going to Pannonia.

— Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum[2]

According to Johannes Thuróczy

Hungarian chronicler Johannes Thuróczy names seven captains who led seven tribes in the Chronica Hungarorum:

  • Chronica Hungarorum, Thuróczy chronicle, Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, sword, throne, medieval, Hungarian chronicle, book, illustration, history
    Árpád, the first captain
  • Chronica Hungarorum, Thuróczy chronicle, Szabolcs, Hungarian chieftain, throne, medieval, Hungarian chronicle, book, illustration, history
    Szabolcs, the second captain
  • Chronica Hungarorum, Thuróczy chronicle, Gyula, Transylvania, Hungarian chieftain, throne, medieval, Hungarian chronicle, book, illustration, history
    Gyula, the third captain
  • Chronica Hungarorum, Thuróczy chronicle, Kund, Hungarian chieftain, throne, medieval, Hungarian chronicle, book, illustration, history
    Kund, the fourth captain
  • Chronica Hungarorum, Thuróczy chronicle, Lehel, Lél, Hungarian chieftain, throne, medieval, Hungarian chronicle, book, illustration, history
    Lehel, the fifth captain
  • Chronica Hungarorum, Thuróczy chronicle, Vérbulcsú, Bulcsú, Hungarian chieftain, throne, medieval, Hungarian chronicle, book, illustration, history
    Vérbulcsú, the sixth captain
  • Chronica Hungarorum, Thuróczy chronicle, Örs, Hungarian chieftain, throne, medieval, Hungarian chronicle, book, illustration, history
    Örs, the seventh captain

In the Nádasdy Mausoleum

The seven Hungarian leaders depicted in Nádasdy Mausoleum:


Statues
Main article: Hősök tere

In Budapest, Hungary, the Heroes' Square, better known as Hősök tere, has a representation of the different chieftains at the base of the column. At the base of the column is a group of seven mounted figures representing the Magyar chieftains who led the Hungarian people into the Carpathian basin. In the front is Árpád, considered the founder of the Hungarian nation. Behind him are the chieftains Előd, Ond, Kond, Tas, Huba, and Töhötöm (Tétény). Little survives in the historical record about these individuals and both their costumes and their horses are considered to be more fanciful than historically accurate.

  • Statues of the Seven Chieftains on the Hősök tere (Heroes' Square) in Budapest, Hungary
    Statues of the Seven Chieftains on the Hősök tere (Heroes' Square) in Budapest, Hungary
  • Left side view of some of the statues of the Seven chieftains of the Magyars
    Left side view of some of the statues of the Seven chieftains of the Magyars
  • Side view of two of the seven statues of the Seven chieftains of the Magyars. Left: Huba. Right: Tas
    Side view of two of the seven statues of the Seven chieftains of the Magyars. Left: Huba. Right: Tas
  • Tas, a Magyar chieftain
    Tas, a Magyar chieftain
  • Árpád leading the other chieftains
    Árpád leading the other chieftains
  • Árpád's left profile
    Árpád's left profile

See also

References
  1. Györffy György. István király és műve. Gondolat Budapest 1983. ISBN 963-281-221-2.
  2. Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum https://mek.oszk.hu/10600/10642/10642.htm
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