Shabuhragan
The Shabuhragan (Persian: شاپورگان Shāpuragān), which means "dedicated to Šābuhr",[1] also translated in Chinese as the Chinese: 二宗经; pinyin: Èrzōng jīng; lit. 'Text of Two principles'[2] was a sacred book of Manichaeism, written by the founder Mani (c. 210–276 CE) himself, originally in Middle Persian, and dedicated to Shapur I (c. 215–272 CE), the contemporary king of the Sasanian Empire.[3] This book is listed as one of the seven treatises of Manichaeism in Arabic historical sources, but it is not among the seven treatises in the Manichaean account itself.[2] The book was designed to present to Shapur an outline of Mani's new religion, which united elements from Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Buddhism.
 |
The Middle Persian term for "Shabuhragan" is dw bwn wzrg'y š'bwhrg'n "The two Sutras Dedicated to Shabur". The Chinese translation is abbreviated as "The Text of Two Principles" (Chinese: 二宗经; pinyin: Èrzōng jīng). Mani wrote this book in Middle Persian and presented it to Shabur, the Sasanian Emperor, as an outline of the teachings of Manichaeism. In this book, Mani described his religion as the perfection and continuation of other existing religions, and called himself the "Sealed Prophet": "Throughout the generations, the apostles of God have never ceased to bring wisdom and work here. Thus, they came in one age through the Apostle Buddha into the countries of India; in another, through the apostle Zoroaster into Persia; and in another, through Jesus Christ into the West. After that, in this last age, the revelation came, which was prophesied to come to Babylon through Myself, Mani, the apostle of the true God."[2]
Original Middle Persian fragments were discovered at Turpan, and quotations were brought in Arabic by al-Biruni:[4]
The surviving fragments of the Shabuhragan focus on eschatology. When the end of the world comes, the God of the wise world, Jesus, comes and performs the final judgment, separating the sinners from the righteous. The angels go and seize the sinners and cast them into hell. The dead will rise, the righteous will ascend to heaven, and all other beings will fall into hell with them. The gods who support the world depart and the world collapses, and the fire of judgment enters from outside the universe and burns up the world, which will last for 1468 years. Evildoers suffer in this fire, but the righteous are unharmed. The evildoers ask for forgiveness, but will only be condemned. Finally, the sinners will be thrown into eternal prison along with the devil.
According to the Chronicle of the Buddha, in the first year of Yanzai of the Tang dynasty, the Persian Fudodan introduced the Erzong jing into China.[5]
References
- Reck, Christiane (2000). "ŠĀBUHRAGĀN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
- Chronology of Ancient Nations; ed. and trans. by A. Brinkmann; Leipzig, 1895
- Michel Tardieu (2008). Manichaeism. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-252-03278-3. OCLC 1131547151.
- Feaver, J. C.; Jonas, Hans (1959). "The Gnostic Religion". Books Abroad. 33 (4): 471. doi:10.2307/40096960. ISSN 0006-7431. JSTOR 40096960.
- "In the first year of the reign of Yanzai ...... a native of the Persian state of Fudodan (original note: a native of the Western Sea state of Daqin) came to the dynasty with the false teachings of the Two Sutras." (The Unified Chronicle of the Buddha - Volume 39)
Sources
- Manicheism English translations of portions of the Shabuhragan can be found here.
- Middle Persian Sources: D. N. MacKenzie, “Mani’s Šābuhragān,” pt. 1 (text and translation), BSOAS 42/3, 1979, pp. 500–34,, copy at the Internet Archive. pt. 2 (glossary and plates), BSOAS 43/2, 1980, pp. 288–310 , copy at the Internet Archive.
._Seal_with_figure_of_Mani%252C_possibly_3rd_century_CE%252C_possibly_Irak._Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles%252C_Paris.jpg.webp)