Shane Campbell
Shane Darryl Campbell[1] is a Canadian Welterweight Muay Thai kickboxer, mixed martial artist, and a former W.K.A. Muay Thai World Champion. Campbell is also the current WMA World Pro Muay Thai Champion, Aggression MMA World Champion, and Unified MMA World Champion. Campbell is by far one of the most decorated Muay Thai fighters in North America and is also current W.M.A. Muay Thai Middleweight World Champion. Campbell currently holds the Lightweight title of the Unified Fighting Championship.
Shane Campbell | |
---|---|
Born | Shane Darryl Campbell[1] January 21, 1987 |
Other names | Shaolin |
Nationality | Canadian |
Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
Weight | 155 lb (70 kg; 11.1 st) |
Division | Lightweight (2010–present) Super Lightweight (165 lb) (2021–present) Welterweight (2012, 2015) |
Reach | 71 in (180 cm) |
Style | Muay Thai |
Fighting out of | Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada |
Team | Iron Tiger Muay Thai Shaved Bears MMA[2] Toshido MMA (2014–present)[3] |
Trainer | Kru Alin Hălmăgean |
Rank | Purple belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under David Lea[4] |
Years active | 2003–present |
Professional boxing record | |
Total | 2 |
Wins | 1 |
Losses | 1 |
Kickboxing record | |
Total | 71 |
Wins | 62 |
By knockout | 14 |
Losses | 9 |
Mixed martial arts record | |
Total | 31 |
Wins | 23 |
By knockout | 8 |
By submission | 6 |
By decision | 9 |
Losses | 8 |
By knockout | 2 |
By submission | 2 |
By decision | 4 |
Other information | |
Website | http://irontigermuaythai.com/ |
Boxing record from BoxRec | |
Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog |
Biography/career
Born on January 21, 1987, Shane grew up in Hamilton, Ontario and started kickboxing at the age of 16. He had his first pro fight at 18, joining the Iron Tiger Muay Thai Gym under Romanian-Canadian Muay Thai Guru Kru Alin Hălmăgean in Stoney Creek, Ontario, but would continue to fight on both the professional and amateur circuits up until 2007.[5] Since 2008 Shane has increasingly become involved in mixed martial arts and has recently signed up with Aggression MMA having had some early success in the sport.[6]
Campbell stopped Justin Greskiewicz in round one at the K-1 World Qualifying Tour 2013 in Calgary on June 8, 2013.[7]
He stopped Wallace Lopes with a first round body kick at the K-1 World MAX 2013 World Championship Tournament Final 16 in Majorca, Spain on September 24, 2013.[8][9][10][11][12]
He was scheduled to fight Maximo Suarez at the K-1 World MAX 2013 World Championship Tournament Quarter Finals - Part 2 in Gran Canria, Spain on January 11, 2014.[13] However, he was then moved to the K-1 World MAX 2013 World Championship Tournament Quarter Finals - Part 1 in Foshan, China on December 28, 2013 and his opponent changed to Christopher Mena after the fight between Andy Souwer and Enriko Kehl from that card was cancelled (Souwer was unable to compete due to a bout of appendicitis while Kehl was moved to the January 11 event against Maximo Suarez due to suffering numerous cuts in fight with Buakaw Banchamek earlier in December).[14] Campbell scored two knockdowns, one with a knee to the body in round two and one with a right hand at the end of round three, and won on points.[15][16]
At the K-1 World MAX 2013 World Championship Tournament Final 4 in Baku, Azerbaijan on February 23, 2014, he lost to Enriko Kehl by UD in the semi-finals.[17][18]
In March 2014, Campbell announced his intention to move up in weight to the -75 kg/165 lb division.[19]
Championships and accomplishments
Martial arts
- Aggression Fighting Championship
- AFC Lightweight Championship (one time; former)
- Unified MMA
- Unified MMA Welterweight Championship (one time; former)
- Unified MMA Catchweight Championship (one time; current)
- One successful title defense
- Unified MMA Lightweight Championship (one time; former)
- Two successful title defenses
Muay Thai
- 2013 WMC North American Muay Thai Champion
- 2009 W.M.A. World Muay Thai champion
- 2007 W.K.A. World Muay Thai Champion
- 2007 W.M.F. World Championships -71 kg
- 2006 W.M.F. North American Muay Thai champion
- 2006 W.K.A. North American Muay Thai Champion
- 2005 I.U.K.A. Mid West American Muay Thai Champion
- C.A.M.T.A.O. Canadian Muay Thai Champion
- C.A.M.T.A.O. Ontario Muay Thai Champion
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
In addition to his kickboxing career, Campbell began competing professionally in mixed martial arts in 2008. He competed primarily in regional organizations in his native Canada, including Aggression Fighting Championship and Maximum Fighting Championship before signing with the UFC in 2015.[20]
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Campbell made his promotional debut as an injury replacement against John Makdessi on April 25, 2015 at UFC 186. The bout was contested at a catchweight of 160 lbs.[21] Campbell lost the fight via TKO in the first round.[22]
Campbell faced Elias Silvério at UFC Fight Night 74 on August 23, 2015.[23] He won the fight by unanimous decision.[24]
Campbell faced James Krause on February 21, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 83.[25] He lost the fight by unanimous decision.[26]
Campbell next faced Erik Koch on May 29, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 88, filling in for an injured Joe Proctor.[27] He lost the fight via submission in the second round.[28]
Campbell next faced promotional newcomer Felipe Silva on August 27, 2016 at UFC on Fox 21.[29] He lost the fight via TKO in the first round and was subsequently released from the promotion.[30]
Post-UFC career
After his release, Campbell compiled a 8–2 record, fighting mostly in Unified MMA, where he has won and defended both Unified MMA Lightweight and Catchweight (165 lbs) Championships.[31]
Campbell defended the Unified MMA Lightweight title against Hubert Geven on December 17, 2021 at Unified MMA 42.[32] He won the bout via TKO in the second round.[33]
Campbell faced Kyle Prepolec on March 4, 2022 at Unified MMA 43. He won the bout via unanimous decision.[34]
Campbell defended his Unified MMA Super Lightweight belt against Darren Smith Jr. on December 16, 2022 at Unified MMA 48, winning the bout via fourth round rear-naked choke.[35]
Boxing career
Campbell made his boxing debut on December 9, 2011, against Paul Bzdel. He lost the bout via split decision.[36]
Almost a dozen years removed from his debut, Campbell made his sophomore appearance against Matt Krayco on May 26, 2023. He won the bout via unanimous decision.[36]
Mixed martial arts record
31 matches | 23 wins | 8 losses |
By knockout | 8 | 2 |
By submission | 6 | 2 |
By decision | 9 | 4 |
Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Win | 23-8 | Darren Smith Jr. | Submission (rear-naked choke) | Unified MMA 48 | December 16, 2022 | 4 | 2:15 | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | Defended the Unified MMA Super Lightweight Championship. |
Win | 22–8 | Kyle Prepolec | Decision (unanimous) | Unified MMA 43 | March 4, 2022 | 3 | 5:00 | Enoch, Alberta, Canada | Won the Unified MMA Super Lightweight (165 lb) Championship. |
Win | 21–8 | Hubert Geven | TKO (punches) | Unified MMA 42 | December 17, 2021 | 2 | 2:33 | Enoch, Alberta, Canada | Won the Unified MMA Lightweight Championship. |
Win | 20–8 | Matt Krayco | Decision (unanimous) | Unified MMA 41 | September 24, 2021 | 5 | 5:00 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | Defended the Unified MMA 165 lbs Championship. |
Win | 19–8 | Dawond Pickney | TKO (body kick and punches) | Unified MMA 39: Campbell vs Pickney | December 9, 2019 | 2 | 4:59 | Enoch, Alberta, Canada | Won the Unified MMA Catchweight Championship. |
Win | 18–8 | David Jordan | Decision (unanimous) | Z Promotions - Fight Night 11 | September 28, 2019 | 3 | 5:00 | Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada | |
Loss | 17–8 | Pavel Gordeev | Decision (unanimous) | Russian Cagefighting Championship 6 | May 4, 2019 | 3 | 5:00 | Chelyabinsk, Russia | |
Win | 17–7 | Menad Abella | Decision (unanimous) | Unified MMA 36 | March 1, 2019 | 3 | 5:00 | Enoch, Alberta, Canada | |
Loss | 16–7 | Magomedsaygid Alibekov | Decision (unanimous) | Russian Cagefighting Championship 5 | Dec 15, 2018 | 3 | 5:00 | Ekaterinburg, Russia | |
Win | 16–6 | Stephen Beaumant | Submission (neck crank) | Unified MMA 33: Resurrection | May 11, 2018 | 3 | 3:31 | Enoch, Alberta, Canada | Defefended Unified MMA lightweight title. |
Win | 15–6 | Mike Scarcello | Submission (rear-naked choke) | Unified MMA 32: Campbell vs Scarcello | September 29, 2017 | 2 | 4:01 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | Defefended Unified MMA lightweight title. |
Win | 14–6 | Tristan Connelly | Submission (kneebar) | Unified MMA 31: Connelly vs. Campbell | June 9, 2017 | 3 | 4:54 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | Won Unified MMA lightweight title. |
Win | 13–6 | Jose Rodriguez | TKO (body kick and punches) | Unified MMA 30: Nybakken vs. Connelly | March 31, 2017 | 3 | 1:46 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | |
Loss | 12–6 | Felipe Silva | TKO (body punch) | UFC on Fox: Maia vs. Condit | August 27, 2016 | 1 | 1:13 | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | |
Loss | 12–5 | Erik Koch | Submission (rear-naked choke) | UFC Fight Night: Almeida vs. Garbrandt | May 29, 2016 | 2 | 3:02 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |
Loss | 12–4 | James Krause | Decision (unanimous) | UFC Fight Night: Cowboy vs. Cowboy | February 21, 2016 | 3 | 5:00 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States | |
Win | 12–3 | Elias Silvério | Decision (unanimous) | UFC Fight Night: Holloway vs. Oliveira | August 23, 2015 | 3 | 5:00 | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada | |
Loss | 11–3 | John Makdessi | TKO (punches) | UFC 186 | April 25, 2015 | 1 | 4:53 | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | Catchweight (160 lbs) bout. |
Win | 11–2 | Derek Boyle | TKO (body kick and punches) | WSOF 18 | February 12, 2015 | 3 | 0:31 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | |
Win | 10–2 | Marcus Edwards | TKO (punches) | MFC 41 | October 3, 2014 | 2 | 0:29 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | |
Win | 9–2 | Jerrid Burke | TKO (punches) | MFC 40 | May 9, 2014 | 2 | 0:43 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | |
Loss | 8–2 | Jesse Ronson | Submission (rear-naked choke) | AFC 19 | July 5, 2013 | 2 | 1:59 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | Lost the AFC Lightweight Championship. |
Win | 8–1 | Stephen Beaumont | Submission (guillotine choke) | AFC 14 | November 23, 2012 | 1 | 2:50 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | Won the AFC Lightweight Championship. |
Win | 7–1 | Tim Smith | Submission (rear-naked choke) | Unified MMA 12 | July 6, 2012 | 2 | 3:41 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | Won the Unified MMA Welterweight Championship. |
Win | 6–1 | Derek Boyle | Decision (unanimous) | Score Fighting Series 4 | March 16, 2012 | 3 | 5:00 | Hamilton, Ontario, Canada | |
Win | 5–1 | Taylor Solomon | Decision (unanimous) | Global Warriors Fighting Championship | August 13, 2011 | 3 | 5:00 | Hamilton, Ontario, Canada | |
Loss | 4–1 | Dave Mazany | Decision (unanimous) | AMMA 6: Edmonton | March 11, 2011 | 3 | 5:00 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | |
Win | 4–0 | Tony Hervey | Decision (split) | Awada Combat Club: ERA Fight Night | December 3, 2010 | 3 | 5:00 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | |
Win | 3–0 | Leo Constant | TKO (punches) | Heat XC 6: Bragging Rights | October 15, 2010 | 1 | 0:34 | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada | |
Win | 2–0 | Sean Sivell | KO (punches) | Iroquois: MMA Championship 5 | September 27, 2008 | 1 | 2:36 | Brampton, Ontario, Canada | |
Win | 1–0 | Alain Sylvester | Decision (unanimous) | Iroquois: MMA Championship 4 | June 21, 2008 | 5 | 0:00 | Brampton, Ontario, Canada |
Muay Thai and Kickboxing record
62 Wins (13 (T)KOs), 9 Losses[37] | ||||||||
Date | Result | Opponent | Event | Location | Method | Round | Time | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-02-23 | Loss | Enriko Kehl | K-1 World MAX 2013 World Championship Tournament Final 4, Semi Finals | Baku, Azerbaijan | Decision (unanimous) | 3 | 3:00 | |
2013-12-28 | Win | Christopher Mena | K-1 World MAX 2013 World Championship Tournament Quarter Finals - Part 1, Quarter Finals | Foshan, China | Decision | 3 | 3:00 | |
2013-09-14 | Win | Wallace Lopes | K-1 World MAX 2013 World Championship Tournament Final 16, First Round | Majorca, Spain | KO (liver kick) | 1 | ||
2013-06-08 | Win | Justin Greskiewicz | K-1 World Qualifying Tour 2013 in Calgary | Calgary, AB | TKO | 1 | ||
2013-03-02 | Win | Sean Mckinnon | Journey WMC | Calgary, AB | Decision | 5 | 3:00 | |
Wins WMC North American Muay Thai Championship | ||||||||
2013-01-25 | Win | Remy Bonnel | Lion Fight 8 | Las Vegas, NV | Decision | 3 | 3:00 | |
2012-11-03 | Win | Troy Sheridan | Journey Fight Series VIII | Calgary, AB | Decision | 5 | 3:00 | |
2012-06-09 | Win | Nate Chambers | Journey Fight Series VI | Calgary, AB | KO (punches) | 1 | 1:56 | |
2010-07-? | Loss | Pajonsuk | Enfusion Kickboxing Tournament, 2nd Round | Koh Samui, Thailand | Injury | 3 | ||
2010-07-? | Win | Szűcs Barnabás | Enfusion Kickboxing Tournament, 1st Round | Koh Samui, Thailand | Decision | 3 | 3:00 | |
2009-09-12 | Loss | Dmitry Valent | W.K.N. World GP Big-8 Tournament '09, Title Fight | Minsk, Belarus | Decision | 5 | 3:00 | |
2009-05-16 | Loss | Joerie Mes | It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam | Amsterdam, Netherlands | TKO (Ref Stop/3 Knockdowns) | 3 | ||
2009-01-17 | Win | Farnam Mirzai | W.M.A. Gala | Mengzi City, China | TKO (Ref Stop) | 2 | ||
Wins W.M.A. Muaythai middleweight world title -70 kg. | ||||||||
2008-11-22 | win | James Martinez | IQMMA VI-Iroquois MMA/MuayThai Championships | Ontario, Canada | TKO (elbow to the collarbone & knee to the body) | 1 | 2:34 | |
2008-10-27 | Loss | Dmitry Valent | W.M.C. I-1 World Grand Slam '08, Semi Finals | Hong Kong | Decision (Unanimous) | 3 | 3:00 | |
2008-09-06 | Loss | Warren Stevelmans | It's Showtime 2008 Alkmaar | Alkmaar, Netherlands | Decision | 3 | 3:00 | |
2008-08-15 | Win | Adam Higson | Gladiators Muay Thai & MMA | Manitoba, Canada | KO (right highkick) | 3 | 1:50 | |
2008-06-21 | win | Alain Sylvestre | Iroquois - MMA Championships 4 | Ontario, Canada | Decision | 5 | 3:00 | |
2007-09-27 | Loss | Chris Ngimbi | Combat Sports Challenge 22 "The Reckoning" | Richmond, VA, USA | Decision (Unanimous) | 5 | 3:00 | |
Loses W.K.A. Muaythai super welterweight world title -70 kg. | ||||||||
2007-05-12 | win | Trevor Smandich | Shin Do Kumite | Florida, USA | Decision | 5 | 3:00 | |
2007-03-24 | Win | Chris Ngimbi | Combat Sports Challenge 19 | Richmond, VA, USA | Decision (Majority) | 5 | 3:00 | |
Wins vacant W.K.A. Muaythai super welterweight world title -70 kg. | ||||||||
2006-12-08 | win | Michael Mananquil | Shin Do Kumate' XI - Battle of the Heavyweights | Florida, USA | TKO (elbow) | 1 | 1:45 | |
2006-09-03 | Loss | Justin Greskiewicz | U.S.K.B.A. Action Sports World Championships | Rahway, NJ, USA | Decision | 3 | 3:00 | |
Fight was for U.S.K.B.A. middleweight North American title. | ||||||||
2006-05-00 | Win | Christian Endure | Fighting Spirit | Oneida Nation, Canada | KO | 3 | ||
2006-04-21 | Win | Abdlamine El Khezzani | Friday Nights Fights | New York, NY, USA | TKO (Ref Stop/3 Knockdowns) | 1 | ||
2006-03-00 | Win | Steve Rudinski | IUKA North American Title | Detroit, Michigan, USA | KO | 3 | 1:45 | |
Wins W.K.A. Muaythai junior middleweight North American title -71 kg. | ||||||||
Legend: Win Loss Draw/No contest Notes |
Date | Result | Opponent | Event | Location | Method | Round | Time | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007-03-11 | Loss | Vitaly Gurkov | W.M.F. Amateur Muaythai World Championships 2007, Final | Bangkok, Thailand | ||||
Wins W.M.F. Amateur Muaythai World Championships '07 Silver Medal -71 kg. | ||||||||
2007-03-08 | win | Marcin Parcheta | W.M.F. Amateur Muaythai World Championships 2007, Semi Finals | Bangkok, Thailand | Walkover | N/A | N/A | |
2007-03-07 | Win | Alejandro Garcia | W.M.F. Amateur Muaythai World Championships 2007, Quarter Finals | Bangkok, Thailand | Decision | 4 | 2:00 | |
2007-03-06 | Win | Mourad Bourachid | W.M.F. Amateur Muaythai World Championships 2007, 1st Round | Bangkok, Thailand | Decision | 4 | 2:00 | |
2006-12-17 | Win | Justin Greskiewicz | WMF Junior Middleweight Muay Thai | USA | Decision (Unanimous) | 5 | 3:00 | |
Wins W.M.F. Amateur Muaythai junior middleweight North American title -71 kg. | ||||||||
Legend: Win Loss Draw/No contest Notes |
Professional boxing record
2 fights | 1 win | 1 loss |
---|---|---|
By decision | 1 | 1 |
No. | Result | Record | Opponent | Type | Round, time | Date | Location | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Win | 1–1 | Matt Krayco | UD | 4 | 26 May 2023 | The Venue at River Cree, Alberta, Canada | |
1 | Loss | 0–1 | Paul Bzdel | SD | 4 | 9 December 2011 | Shaw Conference Centre, Edmonton, Canada |
See also
External links
References
- Mixed martial arts show results Date: May 29, 2016
- Dylan James Bowker (September 20, 2021). "Shane Campbell discusses Michael Hill title fight at Unified MMA 41" (Podcast).
- "UFC lightweight Shane (Shaolin) Campbell finds new home in Kelowna gym". The StarPhoenix. February 17, 2016.
- "Shane Campbell - Official UFC Fighter Profile". UFC.com. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
- "Shane Campbell - Enfusion-TV (Early career info)".
- "AGGRESSION MMA SIGNS MUAY THAI WORLD CHAMPION SHANE CAMPBELL". www.sherdog.com. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- Dave Walsh. "LiverKick - LiverKick".
- Dave Walsh. "LiverKick - LiverKick".
- Dave Walsh. "LiverKick - LiverKick".
- Dave Walsh. "LiverKick - LiverKick".
- "K-1 World Max Final 16 2013 Results ~ Muay Thai Authority". Archived from the original on 2015-11-20.
- "Buakaw Banchamek returns to K-1 world max with a knockout (with fight video)". FSA - FightSport Asia. Archived from the original on 2013-09-17.
- Dave Walsh. "LiverKick - LiverKick".
- Dave Walsh. "LiverKick - LiverKick".
- Dave Walsh. "LiverKick - LiverKick".
- "K-1 World Max China Quarterfinal Results ~ Muay Thai Authority". Archived from the original on 2013-12-31.
- "K-1 World MAX Semi-Final Results ~ Muay Thai Authority". Archived from the original on 2014-02-28.
- Dave Walsh. "LiverKick - LiverKick".
- "K-1 - K-1 Fighter Shane Campbell Announces a Move Up in Weight".
- Zane Simon (2015-04-02). "Welcome to the UFC, Ray, Stasiak, Nguyen, and Campbell". bloodyelbow.com. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
- Mike Bohn and John Morgan (2015-04-01). "Shane Campbell replaces injured Abel Trujillo against John Makdessi at UFC 186". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Ben Fowlkes (2015-04-25). "UFC 186 results: John Makdessi eats some kicks, then brutalizes Shane Campbell". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
- Keith Grienke (2015-06-30). "Stout, Campbell Official for UFC Saskatoon". TopMMANews.com. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
- Steven Marrocco (2015-08-23). "UFC Fight Night 74 results: Shane Campbell outworks Elias Silverio on feet for decision win". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
- Staff (2015-12-15). "Seven fights added to UFC Fight Night 82 in Pittsburgh". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
- Ben Fowlkes (2016-02-21). "UFC Fight Night 83 results: James Krause hangs on to top Shane Campbell". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
- Staff (2016-04-21). "Shane Campbell replaces Joe Proctor, meets Erik Koch at UFC Fight 88". themmareport.com. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
- Steven Marrocco (2016-05-29). "UFC Fight Night 88 results: After layoff in excess of 2 years, Erik Koch chokes out Shane Campbell". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-05-29.
- Staff (2016-07-19). "UFC on FOX 21 in Vancouver adds three bouts, including Sam Alvey vs. Kevin Casey". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
- Ben Fowlkes (2016-08-27). "UFC on FOX 21 results: Felipe Silva silences Shane Campbell's home crowd with quick thrashing". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
- E. Spencer Kyte (September 21, 2021). "Shane Campbell Always Growing". Ultimate Fighting Championship.
- Knowler, Ky (2021-12-14). "Shane Campbell eyes UFC return with win over Hubert Geven in Unified MMA 42 co-main event". MMA Empire. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
- Griffith, Joel (2021-12-19). "Mariusz Ksiazkiewicz, Shane Campbell, KB Bhullar highlight a night of wild finishes at Unified MMA 42". MMA Empire. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
- Griffith, Joel (2022-03-06). "Shane Campbell, KB, Bhullar, Ryan Ford among the big winners at Unified MMA 43". MMA Empire. Retrieved 2022-03-07.
- Griffith, Joel (2022-12-20). "Successful Unified MMA doubleheader concludes the year for Canadian MMA". MMA Empire. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- "BoxRec: Shane Campbell". BoxRec. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
- "Shane Campbell - Enfusion-TV (Record has changed since 2010)". www.enfusion-tv.com. Retrieved 2011-04-16.