Shariatism

Shariatism (Persian: شریعتی‌گرایی) is a body of ideas that describes the inspiration, vision, and the life work of Ali Shariati.

"Shariatist" redirects here. Not to be confused with supporting implementation of Sharia law. For that, see Sharia#Support.

Neo-Shariatism

Neo-Shariatism is made up of a particular group of Shariati supporters who emerged in the 1990s, as a result of debates with post-Islamist intellectuals in Iran.[1] According to neo-Shariatist views, the intellectual life of Shariati is divided into young and mature periods, separating his intrinsic and contingent ideas.[2] Shariati is also considered an "unfinished project", meaning that "there is much unthought in Shariati's thought", and the burden to complete his project lies with the neo-Shariatist movement.[2] There are two distinct trends in neo-Shariatism: one reads Shariati's works "phenomenologically within the intellectual context and horizon of his time and its impacts on the contemporary intellectual context and perspective", while the other tries to read Shariati within his "conceptual structure".[3]

This current has been described as "by far the most courteous opposition" to the Islamic Republic government, which in turn "has never treated them with the respect they deserved".[1]

Criticism
Morteza Motahari

Shariat's thoughts had been staunchly rejected by conservative clergy, his first opponents.[4] Prominent contemporary preachers and orators (vo'az) such as Ahmad Kafi, Mohammad Taghi Falsafi, Javad Managhebi, Seyyed Ali-Naghi Tehrani, Haj Ashraf Kashani, Seyyed Ebrahim Milani, Qassem Eslami and Mohammad-Ali Ansari Qomi, accused Shariati of heresy, being a Sunni and even a Wahhabi and anti-Shia.[4][5] By the early 1970s, a number of high-ranking clerics including Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Mohammad Hadi al-Milani, Mohammad Sadeq Rouhani and Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai had issued rulings against Shariati.[6] Morteza Motahari who defended Shariati against Wahabbism and anti-Shia accusations,[7] himself became a staunch critic of Shariati. He maintained that Shariati was inspired more by the theory of historical materialism than by Islam and found his view on Islam facile, divergent and sacrilegious[8] and went further to refer to him as "damned person" (mal'un) quit Hosseiniyeh Ershad in protest to Shariati's lectures held there.[9][10]

Seyyed Hossein Nasr, a traditionalist thinker associated with the Pahlavi dynasty, opposed Shariati not only because of his anti-establishment views, but also due to his modernist outlook.[10] Nasr accused Shariati of being a "subversive Islamic-Marxist attempting to infiltrate the ranks of religious forces" and in 1970 resigned from his position in Hosseiniyeh Ershad in response to Shariati comparing the third Shi'ite Imam Husayn ibn Ali with Che Guevara.[10]

Abdolkarim Soroush maintains that the ideas of Shariati could be interpreted as "reducing Islam to a totalitarian ideology".[3]

Influences

The first person to influence Shariati was his father Mohammad-Taghi, as he describes:

My father, the first builder of the first dimensions of my soul! The person who, for the first time, taught me both the art of thinking, and the art of being a human being (ensan budan), [He] poured into my mouth the taste of freedom, honor (sharaf), continence (pakdamani), dignity (menaat), purity of spirit (effat-e-rouh), and the steadfastness, faith and independence of heart, immediately after my mother weened me.[11]

Another person was Abolhassan Foroughi, who Shariati studied under his guidance for a short period of time, but with a deep impact.[11] During his youth, he was also strongly inspired by Mohammad Mosaddegh, his neutralist foreign policy doctrine and the Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists which supported Mosaddegh.[12]

In an article entitled My Idols, Shariati eulogized his self-described teachers.[13] He names sixteen contemporary individuals and thirteen historical figures who have influenced him.[11] Among the latter are prophets of Abrahamic religions: Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad. Shariati also praised the house of the latter: Ali and his wife Fatimah, and their son Husayn and daughter Zaynab.[11] Others in the list are Socrates and Buddha, as well as Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, Hallaj and Suhrawardi.[11]

During his time in France, Shariati was exposed to new ideas which influenced his world outlook.[13] Among his contemporary influences, Shariati names Louis Massignon (with whom he had worked), Georges Gurvitch (who he hailed as "world's genius of sociology"), Frantz Fanon (a friend of his), Alexis Carrel, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Berque, Albert Schweitzer, Claude Bernard, Henri Lefebvre, René Guénon, Jean Cocteau and Kateb Yacine.[13][11] Shariati mentions a "fanatic Catholic" he had met, Solange Bodin, from whom he had learnt "the art of seeing". He says Bodin unknowingly made a spiritual impact on him with her premature death, which was quite traumatic to him.[11] He also lists individuals such as Carola Grabert and Jacquline Chezel who had toured him in arts and that part of his intellectual formation came from artistic appreciation, citing paintings of Picasso, Chagall, van Gogh, Tintoretto and Lacroix as his favorites.[11]

According to Ervand Abrahamian, Shariati was interested in studying Western orientalism, French sociology and radical Catholic theology (in particular liberation theology).[14] He read Esprit magazine, which he had been familiarized to by Louis Massignon, and attended lectures of Raymond Aron, Roger Garaudy, Georges Politzer and Georges Gurvitch, among others.[15]

Kürşad Atalar compares Shariati with Algazelus with regard to their shared view on the duty of being a "responsible intellectual" and a "truth seeker". He also maintains that Shariati's positions was in line with Muhammad Iqbal (who Shariati regarded a "responsible intellectual").[16]

Shariati was influenced by Mahmoud Taleghani's ideas.[17][18]

Some scholars have connected views of Shariati to others like Friedrich Nietzsche, Michel Foucault and Edward Said.[19]

Legacy

Impact on the Iranian Revolution
See also: Ideology of the Iranian Revolution

People influenced by Shariati

Figures who are regarded to have been influenced by thoughts of Shariati, include:

Outside Iran
Arab world

Many of Shariati's works has been translated into Arabic in Lebanon,[42] where he is a widely-known and controversial figure with mixed reception.[43] In Tunisia, Shariati's works are among those read and circulated by Ennahda Movement.[44] Members of Morocco's banned organization, Islamic Choice, were interested in works of Shia thinkers such as like Shariati.[45]

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, Shariati is well-known, particularly among Hazara people.[46] Many leaders of Nasr group were influenced by Shariati's thoughts.[47]

East Asia

Since 1989, IQRA Press has published translations of Shariati's works both in Bahasa Melayu and English in Malaysia, where figures such as Chandra Muzaffar and Jomo Kwame Sundaram have hailed Shariati as a "martyr".[48] In Indonesia, Shariati is among foreign Muslim thinkers whose ideas have made a strong intellectual impact, appealing to students and young intellectuals.[32]

Indian Subcontinent

Shariat's most important books have been translated to Urdu and published in Pakistan.[49] In 2020, Pakistan's Prime Minister Imran Khan quoted Shariati to pay tribute to Iqbal and shared the article in his Twitter account.[50]

Turkey

Some books of Shariati have been translated into Turkish.[51] Shariati serves as the "chief influence" on the organization Anti-Capitalist Muslims.[36] According to Georg Leube, Shariati's post-modern literary style which "blurred the lines between transmission, critique and original thought", can be seen in The Black Book of Orhan Pamuk, although it is unknown whether Pamuk have read the works of Shariati or is actually influenced by them.[52]

South Africa

The Muslim community in South Africa was not familiar with Shariati until 1979, when Iranian revolutionary books and magazines were flowing into the country. It has been suggested that youth organizations such as the Muslim Youth Movement of South Africa (MYMSA), the Arabic Study Circle (based in Durban) and the Muslim Teachers' Association (in Cape Town), as well as Qibla which borrowed some of the concepts in his works.[53]

See also

References
  1. Shahibzadeh, Yadullah (2016). Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran: An Intellectual History. Springer. p. 102. ISBN 9781137578259.
  2. Shahibzadeh, Yadullah (2016). Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran: An Intellectual History. Springer. p. 105. ISBN 9781137578259.
  3. Shahibzadeh, Yadullah (2016). Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran: An Intellectual History. Springer. p. 106. ISBN 9781137578259.
  4. Rahnema, Ali (2000). An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariati. I.B.Tauris. pp. 266–267. ISBN 1860645526.
  5. Rahnema, Ali (1994), The Pioneers of Islamic Revival, Zed Books, p. 220, ISBN 978-1-85649-254-6
  6. Saffari, Siavash (2017), Beyond Shariati, Cambridge University Press, pp. 8–9, ISBN 9781107164161
  7. Rahnema, Ali (2000). An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariati. I.B.Tauris. p. 240. ISBN 1860645526.
  8. Poulson, Stephen C. (2012). Social Movements in Twentieth-century Iran: Culture, Ideology, and Mobilizing Frameworks. Lexington Books. p. 237. ISBN 978-0739117576.
  9. Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin. I.B.Tauris. pp. 121–122. ISBN 9781850430773.
  10. Boroujerdi, Mehrzad (1996). Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. Syracuse University Press. pp. 125–127. ISBN 9780815604334.
  11. Vakily, Abdollah (November 1991). "Shariati's Role Models" (PDF). Ali Shariati and the Mystical Tradition of Islam (M.A.). Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University. pp. 90–107. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  12. Abedi, Mehdi (1986), "Ali Shariati: The Architect of the 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran", Iranian Studies, 19 (3/4): 229–234, doi:10.1080/00210868608701678, JSTOR 4310540
  13. Rahnema, Ali (1994), The Pioneers of Islamic Revival, Zed Books, pp. 221–222, ISBN 978-1-85649-254-6
  14. Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin. I.B.Tauris. p. 107. ISBN 9781850430773.
  15. Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin. I.B.Tauris. p. 108. ISBN 9781850430773.
  16. Atalar, Kürşad (2018), "We and Shariati", in Byrd, Dustin J.; Miri, Seyed Javad (eds.), Ali Shariati and the Future of Social Theory: Religion, Revolution, and the Role of the Intellectual, BRILL, pp. 250–271, ISBN 9789004353732
  17. Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (2013), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, p. 505, ISBN 9780691134840
  18. Akhavi, Shahrough (1988), "Islam, Politics and Society in the Thought of Ayatullah Khomeini, Ayatullah Taliqani and Ali Shariati", Middle Eastern Studies, 24 (4): 415, doi:10.1080/00263208808700754
  19. Daneshgar, Majid (2019), "How Intellectuals Censor the Intellect: (Mis-)Representation of Traditional History and its Consequences", The Journal of Interrupted Studies, 2 (1): 69–89, doi:10.1163/25430149-00201001, S2CID 198825612
  20. Peretz, Don (1994). The Middle East Today. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 531. ISBN 9780275945756.
  21. Sahimi, Muhammad (31 August 2009), "Shariati on Religious Government", Tehran Bureau, PBS
  22. Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin. I.B.Tauris. p. 103. ISBN 9781850430773.
  23. Vakily, Abdollah (November 1991). "Previous Works on Shariati" (PDF). Ali Shariati and the Mystical Tradition of Islam (M.A.). Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University. p. 17. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  24. Hunter, Shireen (2014). Reformist Voices of Islam: Mediating Islam and Modernity. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 9781317461241.
  25. Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan (2012). Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat) (Ph.D. thesis). Durham University. p. 123.
  26. Tod, Harry (16 November 2020), "Class Veiling in Cold War Iran", Chariot Journal
  27. Vakily, Abdollah (November 1991). "Previous Works on Shariati" (PDF). Ali Shariati and the Mystical Tradition of Islam (M.A.). Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University. p. 8. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  28. Saffari, Siavash (2017), Beyond Shariati, Cambridge University Press, p. 38, ISBN 9781107164161
  29. Schottmann, Sven (2018), Mahathir's Islam: Mahathir Mohamad on Religion and Modernity in Malaysia, University of Hawaii Press, p. 118, ISBN 9780824876470
  30. Lolaki, Seyed Mohammad (2020). Diverging Approaches of Political Islamic Thought in Iran since the 1960s. Springer. p. 160. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0478-5. ISBN 978-981-15-0478-5. S2CID 211315936.
  31. Capehart, Jonathan (20 March 1980), "'Guru' of Tehran's Embassy Militants Voices Melange of Disparate Creeds", The Washington Post
  32. Van Bruinessen, Martin (2002), "Genealogies of Islamic Radicalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia", South East Asia Research, 10 (2): 117–154, doi:10.5367/000000002101297035, S2CID 218511070
  33. Rahnema, Ali; Numani, Farhad (1990). The Secular Miracle: Religion, Politics, and Economic Policy in Iran. Zed Books. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-86232-938-9.
  34. Muzaffa, Chandra (2018), "Understanding Ali Shariati's Political Thought", in Byrd, Dustin J.; Miri, Seyed Javad (eds.), Ali Shariati and the Future of Social Theory: Religion, Revolution, and the Role of the Intellectual, BRILL, p. 170, ISBN 9789004353732
  35. "Shariati seminar underway at Hosseinieh Ershad", Mehr News Agency, 18 June 2007
  36. Tomac, Ayca (2020), "'Rejecting the Legacy, Restoring the Honor': The Anti-Capitalist Muslims in Turkey", Religions, 11 (11): 621, doi:10.3390/rel11110621
  37. Pourmokhtari Yakhdani, Navid (2018). Iran's Green Movement: A Foucauldian Account of Everyday Resistance, Political Contestation and Social Mobilization in the Post-Revolutionary Period (PDF) (Ph.D.). Edmonton: Department of Political Science, University of Alberta. p. 188. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  38. Mahdavi, Mojtaba (2011), "Post-Islamist Trends in Postrevolutionary Iran", Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 31 (1): 94–109, doi:10.1215/1089201X-2010-056, S2CID 143556896
  39. Shahibzadeh, Yadullah (2016). Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran: An Intellectual History. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 9781137578259.
  40. Hunter, Shireen (2014). Reformist Voices of Islam: Mediating Islam and Modernity. Routledge. p. 56. ISBN 9781317461241.
  41. Hunter, Shireen (2014). Reformist Voices of Islam: Mediating Islam and Modernity. Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 9781317461241.
  42. "Arabic Translation of Shariati's "Islamology" to Be Published Soon", Mehr News Agency, 27 September 2003
  43. Kassem, Ali (9 June 2021), "(Not) Reading Ali Shariati in Beirut: The Erasure of Anti-Colonial Resistance and Social Theory", Jadaliyya
  44. McCarthy, Rory (2018), Inside Tunisia's al-Nahda: Between Politics and Preaching, Cambridge University Press, p. 51, ISBN 9781108472517
  45. Guenfoudi, Mohammed (5 February 2019), "Despite the media controversy surrounding the question of Moroccan Shiites, their political influence remains limited", Moroccan Institute for Policy Analysis
  46. Canfield, Robert L. (2004), "New Trends among the Hazaras: From "The Amity of Wolves" to "The Practice of Brotherhood"", Iranian Studies, 37 (2): 241–262, doi:10.1080/0021086042000268192, JSTOR 4311623, S2CID 153932543
  47. Ibrahimi, Niamatullah (2009), "At the sources of factionalism and civil war in Hazarajat" (PDF), Crisis States Research Centre, ISSN 1749-1800
  48. Daneshgar, Majid (2020), "The Images of the Shah and Khomeini in Indonesia and Malaysia: Honoured or Hated?", Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 14 (2): 252–267, doi:10.1080/25765949.2020.1760545, S2CID 219429136
  49. Naeem, Raza (24 November 2020), "The Lessons of Ali Shariati Are As Relevant for Shias Today as They Were in His Lifetime", The Wire
  50. "Prime Minister Imran Khan pays tribute to Allama Iqbal on Twitter", Geo News, 9 November 2020
  51. "Turkish scholar translating books by Ali Shariati", Tehran Times, 26 September 2011
  52. Leube, Georg (2018), "The Liberties of a Transmitter: Frantz Fanon According to Shariati", in Byrd, Dustin J.; Miri, Seyed Javad (eds.), Ali Shariati and the Future of Social Theory: Religion, Revolution, and the Role of the Intellectual, BRILL, p. 168, ISBN 9789004353732
  53. Haron, Muhammed (2007), "The formation of religious networks between the Muslim heartlands and the South African Muslims", Boleswa Journal of Theology, Religion and Philosophy, 1 (3), hdl:10520/AJA18172741_6
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