Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi

Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi (Persian: شیخ احمد روحی) was an Iranian writer, political thinker, and libertarian. He is best known for his work with Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani and Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī in Istanbul and for writing nationalist and libertarian works. His famous book, Hasht Behesht, is about Bábism beliefs and critiques of Baháʼí Faith.

Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi
Born(1855-04-15)15 April 1855
Kerman, Qajar Iran
Died17 July 1878(1878-07-17) (aged 23)
Tabriz, Qajar Iran
Literary movementIntellectual movements in Iran
Notable worksHasht Behesht
Spouseone of Subh-i-Azal's daughters

Life

Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi was born in Kerman in 1855, he was the second son of one of the prominent Bábist figures of Kerman.

In Kerman, he married one of Subh-i-Azal's daughters. he was a preacher of Bábism and became popular among the people because of his kindness and trustworthiness.[1]

In 1875 he went to Isfahan, Tehran, Rasht and Najaf with Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani and Mirza Hassan Khan Tabrizi and emigrated to Istanbul and continued his activities there.

His acquaintance with Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī led them to political and social activities, and they worked with Mirza Hassan Khan Tabrizi to promote freedom-seeking ideas in their works. Letters sent by Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani and Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi, to Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi in Iran were sometimes so sensitive that, if discovered, the correspondents would be killed.[2] After the assassination of Naser al-Din Shah, the Ottomans extradited Ahmad Rouhi, Mirza Hassan Khan, and Mirza Aga Khan, who had been imprisoned in Trabzon, to Iran. On July 17, 1896, Crown Prince Mohammad Ali Mirza beheaded them in the northern garden of Tabriz on charges of being Bábist and sent their heads full of straw to Tehran.[3]

Hasht Behesht

In Najaf, Sheikh Ahmad wrote his famous book, Hasht Behesht (The Eight Heavens). Hasht Behesht is one of the reference books on the beliefs of Bábism and a critical book on Baháʼí Faith and Baháʼu'lláh. Also in this book, Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi sees the Constitutional Revolution as the downfall for the Qajar dynasty.

Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi named the book based on the poem Hasht-Bihisht written by Amir Khusrau and praised him in one of the chapters of the book.[4]

Most copies of Hasht Behesht were destroyed by Shia Islam fanatics in Iran, and Sheikh Ahmad Rouhi's family was persecuted for this book. But a copy was brought to Britain by the historian and orientalist Edward Grenville Brown.[5][6]

References
  1. Mehdi Bamdad, Biography of the greats of Iran in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, vol.4, 1968
  2. Rahmanian, Dariush; Nabavi Razav, Seyyed Meqdad (2013). "The Role of Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi in Creation the Iranian Constitutional Movement". Journal of Historical Studies of Islam. 5: 47 To 65.
  3. ĀQĀ KHAN KERMĀNĪ Ottoman authorities first resisted the demand of the Persian government for the arrest and extradition of Asadābādī and Mīrzā Āqā Khan, but the revolt of the Armenians in 1312-13/1894-95 changed the situation and Mīrzā Āqā Khan and two of his close companions, Shaikh Aḥmad Rūḥī and Mīrzā Ḥasan Khan Ḵabīr-al-molk, were charged with conspiracy, arrested, and sent to Trebizond (Raǰab, 1312/January, 1895). A few months later, following the assassination of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah (1313/1896) at the hand of an alleged Bābī closely associated with Afḡānī, the three men were also charged with murder; in Ḏu’l-ḥeǰǰa, 1313/May, 1896, they were extradited to Iran and executed in Tabrīz in Ṣafar, 1314/July, 1896.
  4. Hasht Behesht, page 162
  5. "Brown showed me his copy of the rare book, Hasht Behesht. I was amazed at how he managed to save this book from the clutches of short-sighted fanatics!" Biography of Mirza Malkam Khan, his life and political efforts, p. 234 (1934)
  6. Javadi, Hassan. "Malkam and Brown; The role of Qanun newspaper in Iranian Enlightenment". Persian History Journal. 5: 23–30.
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