Shaikhs in North India
Shaikh, also rendered as Sheikh, Sheik, Shaik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Shekh, Cheikh, Šeih, Šejh, Şeyh and other variants (Arabic: شيخ, shaykh; pl. شيوخ shuyūkh), is a title given to many South Asian Muslim castes. It originally was a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that commonly designated a chief of a tribe, royal family member, Muslim religious scholar, or "Elder". However in Northern India, Shaikh was used as an ethnic title, by those claiming Arab descent, particularly from prominent Muslim figures such as the Rashidun Caliphs, majority of these claims of descent from the Rashidun Caliphs are false. Only a few Shaikhs in North India are genuinely of Arab descent. [1]
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Origin
In North India, it is not just an ethnic title but an occupational title attributed to Muslim trading families. Many Shaikhs claimed to be descendants of Arabs, however some Shaikhs did not actually descend from Arabs. In Frontier Regions, Punjab of Pakistan, or Kashmir, the title shaikh was not given to those of Arab descent, but those who had descended from upper caste natives such as the Brahmins or the Rajputs, however in some other regions of North India such as Gujarat or Uttar Pradesh, there are certain Shaikhs of Arab descent.[2]
Sub-divisions
The subdivisions of the Shaikh include:
- Shaikh Qidwai, who claim to be descendants of the Qazi Qidwa, a son of the Sultans of Rum. The Qidwai were recruited in the household cavalry of Shuja-ud-Daula, which was mainly composed of the Sheikhzadgan.[3][4] These clans had not taken any profession other than a soldier or a civil officer.[5]
- Shaikh Hashmi, who claim to be descendants of the Banu Hashim clan of the Banu Quraish tribe. The Islamic prophet, Muhammad belonged to this clan. Usually carry the title Sayyid or Sharif
- Shaikh Siddiqui, who claim to be descendants of Abu Bakar, the first Khalifa of Islam.
- Shaikh Usmani (Osmani), who claim to be descendants of Uthman Ibn Affan the third Khalifa of Islam
- Shaikh Farooqi, Honorific reverence to Umar Farooq Bin Al-Khattab
See also
References
- "Sheikh | Meaning, Title, Significance, & History | Britannica". 7 June 2023.
- Nyrop, Richard F. (1983). Pakistan a country study (4 ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 149.
- Pradeep Barua (2005). The state at war in South Asia. U of Nebraska Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780803213449.
- Amaresh Misra (1998). Lucknow, Fire of Grace:The Story of Its Revolution, Renaissance and the Aftermath. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 9788172232887.
- Surya Narain Singh. Mittal Publications. 2003. p. 9. ISBN 9788170999089.