Ishbara Qaghan

Ishbara Qaghan (Old Turkic: đ°ƒđ±đ°‰đ°ș𐰀:𐰮𐰍𐰣, romanized: ĂĆĄbara qaÎłan, Chinese æČ™çŒœç•„ćŻæ±—/æČ™é’”ç•„ćŻæ±—, Pinyin: shābƍlĂŒĂš kěhĂ n, Wade–Giles: sha-po-lĂŒeh k'o-han) or Erfu Kehan (Chinese: çˆŸäŒćŻæ±—; Middle Chinese: ƄĆșie-b'iÌȘuk < Ñebuk/Ñevuk or ƄĆșie-b'uĂąt < Ñebar/Ñevar; Sogdian: nw’’r γ’γ’n); personal name: Chinese: 阿ćČé‚Łæ”ćœ–/阿ćČé‚Łæ‘„ć›Ÿ, pinyin ĀshǐnĂ  ShĂštĂș/NiĂštĂș; Wade–Giles A-shih-na she-t'u/nie-t'u) (before 540 – 587) was the first son of Issik Qaghan, grandson of Bumin Qaghan, and the sixth khagan of the Turkic Khaganate (581–587).[1] His name is non-Turkic.[2][lower-alpha 1]

For other uses, see Ishbara.
Ishbara Qaghan
Qaghan of the First Turkic Khaganate
Reign581–587
PredecessorAmrak
SuccessorBagha Qaghan
Died587
SpousePrincess Qianjin (性äč‰ć…Źäž»)
Names
Il KĂŒl Shad Bagha Ishbara Qaghan
äŒŠćˆ©äż±ç›§èš­èŽ«äœ•ć§‹æłąçŸ…ćŻæ±—
HouseAshina
FatherIssik Qaghan
ReligionTengrism

As prince

He was appointed by Taspar khagan as lesser khagan in east.[4]

Reign

He was appointed to the throne after resignation of Amrak, by the high council as the legal resolution to the crisis created by his uncle Taspar Qaghan who had bequeathed the title of khagan to his nephew Talopien (son of Muqan Qaghan). This act violated the traditional system of inheritance from oldest brother to youngest brother and oldest son to youngest. Immediately after his appointment, the legal basis of his power was contested by the erstwhile heir Talopien, Jotan, and Tardu. This highly unstable situation quickly became a smoldering civil war, which the Sui Chinese took advantage of in every way possible to weaken the GöktĂŒrks.

Khagan married Princess Qianjin of Northern Zhou and accepted refugees from the Chen dynasty, two moves that were undertaken to legitimize his authority. One of the envoys in his wife's escort was the spy/ambassador Zhangsun Sheng. He managed to become a friend of Ishbara, and spent many years with the Turks. His knowledge about the customs and institutions of the Gokturks was of great importance for the Sui Empire.

In order to end the civil war Ishbara finally acknowledged the Sui dynasty as his overlord.[5] In the end Ishbara succeeded in saving the khaganate, albeit at the price of losing his sovereignty. In 587, both Ishbara Qaghan and Apa Qaghan died.

Family

He was married to his uncle's widows Princess Qianjin of Northern Zhou. Issue:

  • Tulan Qaghan
  • Yami Qaghan
  • Kuhezhen Tegin (ćș«ćˆçœŸç‰č拒) – Ambassador to China in 585.[6]
  • Rudan Tegin (耄䜆ç‰č拒) – Ambassador to China in 593.[6]

Notes
  1. as indicated by the mostly non-native initial n-. According to Clauson (1972:774), "[t]he only basic Turkish words beginning with n- are ne: and ne:Ƌ, and even ne:Ƌ is ultimate der. fr. ne:"[3]

Sources
  • Christoph Baumer, History of Central Asia, v. 2, pp. 174–206 (full history of the Turkic Khaganate)

References
  1. Lovell, Julia (2007). The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC – AD 2000. New York: Grove Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-8021-4297-9.
  2. Golden, P. B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Wiesbaden: Otto-Harrassowitz. pp. 121–122.
  3. Clauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 774.
  4. Ahmet, TaƟağil (1995–2004). Gök-TĂŒrkler. AtatĂŒrk KĂŒltĂŒr, Dil, ve Tarih YĂŒksek Kurumu (Turkey). Ankara: TĂŒrk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. ISBN 975161113X. OCLC 33892575.
  5. Gumilev, Lev Nikolayeviç (2002). Eski TĂŒrkler. Batur, Ahsen. Ä°stanbul: Selenge Yay. ISBN 9757856398. OCLC 52822672.
  6. Liu, Mau-Tsai (2006). Çin kaynaklarına göre Doğu TĂŒrkleri. Ä°stanbul: Selenga yayınları. ISBN 9758839438. OCLC 213301904.

Notations
  • The Turks / editors, Hasan Celal GĂŒzel, C. Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay. Other author GĂŒzel, Hasan CelĂąl. Oğuz, Cem. Karatay, Osman, 1971– Ocak, Murat. Imprint Ankara : Yeni TĂŒrkiye, 2002. ISBN 975-6782-55-2 (set)
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