Shinoridate

The site of Shinoridate (志苔館跡, Shinoridate ato) in Hakodate, Hokkaidō, Japan, is that once occupied by the Shinori Fort or Fortified Residence (as denoted by the tate or date ending). This was the easternmost of the so-called "Twelve Garrisons of Southern Hokkaido", built on the Oshima Peninsula by the Wajin from the fourteenth century.[1][2] The site was designated a National Historic Site in 1934 and is one of the Japan Castle Foundation's Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles.[3][4]

Shinoridate
志苔館跡
Shinoridate
Aerial view (courtesy of Hakodate City)
Location in Japan
Location in Japan
Shown within Hokkaido
Location in Japan
Location in Japan
Shinoridate (Japan)
LocationHakodate, Hokkaidō, Japan
Coordinates41°45′57″N 140°49′20″E
Altitude17 to 25 m (56 to 82 ft)
TypeFortified residence
Length50 to 65 metres (164 to 213 ft)
Width70 to 80 metres (230 to 260 ft)
Area4,100 square metres (44,000 sq ft) (enclosure)
19,960.14 square metres (214,849.2 sq ft) (Historic Site)
Site notes
OwnershipNational Historic Site
Public accessYes

Shinori fort

Moat and earthen wall of Shinori date
Of the Twelve Garrisons of Donan (道南十二館), Mobetsu and Hanazawa alone held out against Koshamain's forces in 1457; clockwise from Shinori at the east end: Usukeshi (宇須岸館), Mobetsu (茂別館), Nakano (中野館), Wakimoto (脇本館), Innai (穏内館), Oyobe (覃部館), Ōdate (大館), Nebota (禰保田館), Haraguchi (原口館), Hiishi (比石館), and Hanazawa (花沢館)[5][6]

Shinoridate is located some 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) to the east of the center of Hakodate, along a stretch of coast with many good natural harbours. A short distance inland from Shinori Fishing Port, with the mouth of the Shinori River to the west, the gently sloping site overlooks the Tsugaru Strait and Shimokita Peninsula, with views also towards Mount Hakodate.[1][7]

The earthworks rise to a height of 4 to 4.5 metres (13 to 15 ft) on the north side and 1 to 1.5 metres (3.3 to 4.9 ft) to the south and are interrupted by an opening on both the east and the west sides. The moat is 5 to 10 metres (16 to 33 ft) wide on the north and west sides and up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) deep and is crossed by two earth bridges, that to the west particularly well-preserved.[1][7]

First laid out around the end of the fourteenth century, Shinoridate features in the Matsumae Domainal history Shinra no Kiroku, which tells of it being sacked by the Ainu in Chōroku 1 (1457), during Koshamain's War, and again falling to the Ainu in Eishō 9 (1512), after which its occupants, the house of Kobayashi (小林氏), became subject to the Matsumae clan.[1][note 1]

The Hakodate City Board of Education conducted excavations and surveys of the enclosure and surrounding area between 1983 and 1985, uncovering the remains of a number of buildings, palisades, a well, artefacts made of bronze, iron, stone, and wood, celadons and white porcelain from southern China, as well as domestic Suzu, Echizen, and Seto ware.[1][7][8]

Three different intercolumnar measurements were used in the construction of the buildings, the style of the well is that found in Heian-kyō in the late Kamakura period, while many of the ceramics are typical of the early fifteenth century.[7]

Accordingly, three main phases have been identified: the end of the fourteenth or early-fifteenth century; mid-fifteenth century; and sixteenth century or later. With the archaeological evidence pushing back the origins of the fort at least half a century before Koshamain, its construction can no longer be understood as an immediate response to the contingencies of 1457, and other explanations are required.[7]

Shinori hoard

Suzu ware vessel with part of the hoard (courtesy of Hakodate City); the other two vessels were from the Echizen kilns[7]

In July 1968, during widening work on the prefectural road (now National Route 278) that runs past the fort, a Nanbokuchō-period (C14) coin hoard was unearthed some 40 metres (130 ft) inland from the mouth of the Shinori River, at a location 3 metres (9.8 ft) above sea level. This is the largest hoard found to date in Japan in terms of the number of coins it contains.[7]

The three large vessels excavated weighed, together with their contents, 1.6 tonnes (1.6 long tons; 1.8 short tons). Ninety-three different types of coin have been identified: a handful in total of early Japanese coinage of the Asuka, Nara and early Heian periods, late tenth-century Vietnamese coinage of the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties, and late eleventh-century Goryeo coinage from Korea; the bulk comprising Chinese coinage, primarily of the Song dynasty, issues ranging in date from 4 Zhu Ban Liang minted in the fifth year of Emperor Wen of Han (175 BC) to Hongwu Tongbao from the first year of the Hongwu Emperor, founder of the Ming dynasty (1368).[7] The 374,435 coins from this hoard now at the Hakodate City Museum have been designated an Important Cultural Property.[9]

A 1999 study of 275 Japanese hoards, totalling 3,530,000 coins, found that the Chinese copper coins used in Japan in the Middle Ages were brought over in the largest number in the thirteenth century, were used primarily in commerce or for paying soldiers, and were buried largely for reasons of security, although there were also instances of ritual or votive deposits.[10][11] The dating of the Shinori hoard precludes its burial as a response to Koshamain's War; instead it may relate to trade, the local Shinori or Kaga kombu featuring alongside Ezo salmon in the Nanboku-chō period text Teikin Ōrai (庭訓往来). Produce from the area would have been traded along the Hokuriku coast to reach the markets of Kyōto and Ōsaka.[7]

Coins in the Shinori hoard
Type Date/First minted Quantity Origin
14 Zhu Ban Liang175 BC (Buntei 5)7Han
2Wu Zhu115 BC (Gentei 2)39Han
3Huo Quan14 (Tenpō 1)6Xin
4Kaiyuan Tongbao62130,816Tang
5Qian Yuan Zhong Bao758 (Kengen 1)1,422Tang
6Wadōkaichin7081Asuka period
7Mannen Tsūhō7601Nara period
8Jinkō Kaihō7654Nara period
9Ryūhei Eihō7962Heian period
10Fuju Shinpō8184Heian period
11Jōwa Shōhō8351Heian period
12Jōgan Eihō8701Heian period
13Engi Tsuhō9071Heian period
14Tong Zheng Yuan Bao9158Former Shu
15Tian Han Yuan Bao91717Former Shu
16Guang Tian Yuan Bao91817Former Shu
17Qian De Yuan Bao91979Former Shu
18Xian Kang Yuan Bao92519Former Shu
19Da Tang Tong Bao9442Southern Tang
20Han Yuan Tong Bao94815Later Han
21Zhou Yuan Tong Bao95587Later Zhou
22Tang Guo Tong Bao959393Southern Tang
23Song Yuan Tong Bao9601,288Northern Song
24Thái Bình Hưng Bảo9703Đinh dynasty
25Tai Ping Tong Bao9763,512Northern Song
26Thiên Phúc Trấn Bảo98419Early Lê
27Chun Hua Yuan Bao9903,258Northern Song
28Zhi Dao Yuan Bao9955,851Northern Song
29Xian Ping Yuan Bao9986,400Northern Song
30Jing De Yuan Bao10048,139Northern Song
31Xiang Fu Yuan Bao10089,322Northern Song
32Xiang Fu Tong Bao10085,384Northern Song
33Tian Xi Tong Bao10177,943Northern Song
34Tian Sheng Yuan Bao102317,924Northern Song
35Ming Dao Yuan Bao10321,813Northern Song
36Jing You Yuan Bao10345,384Northern Song
37Huang Song Tong Bao103947,031Northern Song
38Qing Li Zhong Bao10451Northern Song
39Qing Ning Tong Bao10551Liao
40Zhi He Yuan Bao10544,452Northern Song
41Zhi He Tong Bao10541,416Northern Song
42Jia You Yuan Bao10564,478Northern Song
43Jia You Tong Bao10568,729Northern Song
44Zhi Ping Yuan Bao10647,002Northern Song
45Zhi Ping Tong Bao10641,154Northern Song
46Xian Yong Tong Bao10652Liao
47Xi Ning Yuan Bao106834,897Northern Song
48Xi Ning Zhong Bao107112Northern Song
49Da Kang Tong Bao10752Liao
50Yuan Feng Tong Bao107843,009Northern Song
51Yuan You Tong Bao108633,904Northern Song
52Shao Sheng Yuan Bao109414,917Northern Song
53Shao Sheng Tong Bao10942Northern Song
54Dong Guk Tong Bo10977Goryeo
55Dong Guk Chung Bo10972Goryeo
56Hae Dong Tong Bo109718Goryeo
57Hae Dong Jung Bo10971Goryeo
58Sam Han Tong Bo10971Goryeo
59Sam Han Jung Bo10972Goryeo
60Yuan Fu Tong Bao10985,721Northern Song
61Sheng Song Yuan Bao110114,333Northern Song
62Chong Ning Tong Bao11023Northern Song
63Chong Ning Zhong Bao11022Northern Song
64Da Guan Tong Bao11074,230Northern Song
65Zheng He Tong Bao111115,206Northern Song
66Xuan He Yuan Bao11191Northern Song
67Xuan He Tong Bao11191,412Northern Song
68Jianyan Tong Bao112788Southern Song
69Shaoxing Yuan Bao1131149Southern Song
70Shaoxing Tong Bao113116Southern Song
71Zheng Long Yuan Bao1158479Jin
72Tian Sheng Yuan Bao11583Western Xia
73Longxing Yuan Bao11631Southern Song
74Qiandao Yuan Bao11652Southern Song
75Chunxi Yuan Bao11742,366Southern Song
76Da Ding Tong Bao117822Jin
77Shaoxi Yuan Bao1190774Southern Song
78Qingyuan Tong Bao1195938Southern Song
79Jiatai Tong Bao1201549Southern Song
80Kaixi Tong Bao1205356Southern Song
81Jiading Tong Bao12081,735Southern Song
82Dasong Yuan Bao122584Southern Song
83Shaoding Tong Bao1228614Southern Song
84Duanping Yuan Bao123449Southern Song
85Jiaxi Tong Bao1237161Southern Song
86Chunyou Yuan Bao1241530Southern Song
87Huangsong Yuan Bao1253285Southern Song
88Kaiqing Tong Bao125920Southern Song
89Jingding Yuan Bao1260475Southern Song
90Xianchun Yuan Bao1265583Southern Song
91Zhi Da Tong Bao1310110Yuan
92Zhi Zheng Tong Bao13413Yuan
93Hongwu Tongbao136812Ming
12,901Unidentified
Total374,435

See also

Notes

  1. 「長禄元年五月十四日夷狄蜂起来而、攻撃志濃里之舘主小林太郎左衛門尉良景…殺狄之酋長胡奢魔允」("On the fourteenth day of the fifth month of the first year of the Chōroku era (1457), a barbarian uprising occurred, and in an attack on Shinori Fort, its lord Kobayashi Tarō Saemon-no-jō Yoshikage...was killed, the barbarian tribal leader being Koshamain") 「永正九年四月十六日宇須岸志濃利與倉前三舘所攻落夷賊…小林太郎左衛門尉良景之子彌太郎良定」("On the sixteenth day of the fourth month of the ninth year of the Eishō era (1512), the three forts of Usukeshi, Shinori, and Yokuramae fell in an attack by barbarian bandits and...Kobayashi Tarō Saemon-no-jō Yoshikage's son Yatarō Yoshisada was killed")

References

  1. 史跡志苔館跡 [Shinoridate Site - Historic Site] (in Japanese). Hakodate City. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  2. 史跡志苔館跡 [Historic Site: Shinoridate] (in Japanese). MLIT Hokkaido District Transport Bureau. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  3. 志苔館跡 [Site of Shinoridate] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  4. 続日本100名城 [Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles] (in Japanese). Japan Castle Foundation. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  5. Itō Norihiko (伊東則彦); Hamada Tsuyoshi (經田剛) (1 August 2019). 上ノ国物語1 -コシャマインの戦い- [Tales of Kaminokuni (1): Koshamain's War]. Hokkaido Medical Journal (in Japanese). Hokkaido Medical Association (1211).
  6. Batten, Bruce Loyd (2003). To the Ends of Japan: Premodern Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interactions. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0824824471.
  7. Tahara Yoshinobu (田原良信) (31 March 2004). 再考志海苔古銭と志苔館 [Rethinking the Shinori Hoard and Shinori Fortified Residence] (PDF). Research Bulletin of the Hakodate City Museum (in Japanese). Hakodate City Museum (14): 9–20.
  8. 史跡志苔館跡 [Historic Site: Shinoridate] (in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  9. 北海道志海苔中世遺構出土銭 [Coins excavated from the medieval remains of Shinori, Hokkaidō] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  10. Suzuki Kimio (鈴木公雄) (1999). 出土銭貨の研究 [The dynamics of money circulation in 14th to 18th Century Japan]. Tokyo Daigaku Shuppan Kai. ISBN 978-4130260688.
  11. Pearson, Richard J (2016). "Japanese medieval trading towns: Sakai and Tosaminato" (PDF). Japanese Journal of Archaeology. Japanese Archaeological Association (3): 89–116.
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