Shoulder-fired missile

Shoulder-launched weapons avoid the problem of recoil by directing all exhaust out of the rear of the launch tube, the so-called backblast principle.

There are many types of shoulder-launched missile-weapons. Some systems are reloadable or semi-reusable, while others are single-use disposable systems, much in the same manner as a hand grenade. Ammunition traditionally use the backblast principle for propulsion, meaning that when fired, the propellant gases are expelled out of the back of the weapon to alleviate the reactional force exerted from the projectile moving forward.

If the weapon fires ammunition using fixed propellant charges, such as through cartridge cases on reloadable systems or a fixed container on singe-use systems, it is generally called a man-portable or shoulder-launched/fired recoilless rifle or recoilless gun, depending on if it uses a rifled or smoothbore barrel, essentially open-breech cannons. Smoothbore systems generally fire fin-stabilised munitions.

If the weapon fires rocket-propelled or rocket-assisted projectiles (booster launched), it is generally called a man-portable or shoulder-launched/fired rocket launcher or missile-system, depending on, depending on whether the ammunition is unguided or guided. Such systems typically use a small recoilless charge (a so-called booster charge) or compressed gas system to get the projectile out of the barrel and to a distance where the operator will not be hurt by the rocket's backblast; when the rocket ignites at a safe distance, it further accelerates the projectile or at least keeps it from decelerating in its trajectory.

• 
  An American-Bulgarian team prepares to reload an RPG-7 shoulder-fired rocket launcher with a fresh rocket and booster charge.
• 
  AT4 single-use disposable antitank launcher, a smoothbore recoilless gun pre-loaded with a HEAT-FS projectile and a fixed propellant casing.
• US-Army demonstration film about the M202 FLASH single-use disposable rocket flamethrower.
• Demonstration of the Russian RPO PDM-A Prize single-use disposable thermobaric rocket flamethrower.

Polish soldiers prepare to fire PZR Grom MANPADS.

Shoulder-launched weapons typically fire at one of two main target types — ground targets or air targets. Weapons for use against ground targets come in a wide variety of types and sizes, with smaller, unguided weapons generally used for close range combat and larger, guided systems for longer ranges. Most of these weapons are designed mainly for anti-tank warfare, as anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) and carry one or two (a tandem-charge) high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shaped charge warheads. However, they are also effective against structures, and many such weapons have been designed specifically for such targets.

Anti-aircraft weapons, known as man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS), are small surface-to-air missiles. They usually have infrared homing and are used against helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and other low-flying fixed-wing aircraft.

From their first conception during the First World War, many portable missiles have been used to give infantry a weapon effective against armored vehicles and fortified structures. The power of the shaped charge meant that the effectiveness of the weapon was not limited by a gun barrel bore nor size of weapon as for example a conventional armor-piercing shell from an artillery piece. As such these man-portable weapons could be used to equip infantry units with their own anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons.

Shoulder-launched rockets or recoilless guns are a favored anti-technical weapon. They permit otherwise lightly or poorly armed troops (e.g. militias) to destroy modern sophisticated equipment such as close air-support aircraft, helicopters, and lightly armored vehicles.

Attacks come from ambush for the element of surprise and attempt to immobilize a convoy of vehicles, then destroy its defenders, then destroy its contents, then escape before air or artillery support can arrive.

Normally, the militia will plan to have two to four shooters per attacked vehicle. Reliable attack ranges are 50 to 100 m, although attacks can succeed out to 300 m. Self-destruct ranges of common rocket weapons such as RPG-7s are about 900 m.

The usual response to such attacks is to suppress the shooters, with saturation anti-personnel fire, artillery or aerial barrages in area-denial attacks. Submunition and thermobaric weapons are often used to clear landing zones (LZ) for helicopters.

In modern counter-insurgency operations in misty, dusty or night-time situations, advanced optics such as infrared telescopes permit helicopter gunships to observe convoys from beyond human-visible range and still attack insurgents with inexpensive anti-personnel fire. This approach is more economical than area-denial. Protecting as little as 20% of the convoys rapidly depletes an area of active insurgents.

A German soldier using a Panzerfaust, a single-use light antitank weapon, traditionally fired "under-arm" instead of shoulde-fired like modern systems, Ukraine, 1944.

US-soldiers firing a Swedish AT4 single-use disposable light antitank weapon during familiarization training at the Udari range in Kuwait, 2004.

• 1990 – C90-CR (M3)
• 1998 – C-100
• 1987 – AT4

• 1942 – Carl Gustaf 20 mm recoilless rifle

• 1942 – Faustpatrone
• 1996 – FGM-148 Javelin
• 2002 – FGM-172 SRAW

• 1987 – LAW 80
• 1950 – LRAC 73-50
• 1972 – LRAC F1

• 1942 – M1 Bazooka
• 1944 – M20 Super Bazooka
• 1975 – M47 Dragon
• 1963 – M72 LAW
• 1968 – Miniman
• 1984 – Mk 153 Shoulder-Launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW)

• 2009 – NLAW

• 1944 – Panzerfaust 1
• 1963 – Panzerfaust 2
• 1987 – Panzerfaust 3
• 1943 – Panzerschreck
• 1998 – PF-98 Anti-Tank Rocket Launcher "Queen Bee"
• 1943 – PIAT Anti-Tank Grenade Projector

• 1949 – 8 cm raketgevär m/49 & m/51[4]
• 1954 – RPG-2
• 1961 – RPG-7
• 1972 – RPG-18
• 1985 – RPG-22
• 1985 – RPG-26
• 1989 – RPG-27
• 2011 – RPG-28
• 1989 – RPG-29
• 2012 – RPG-32 Barkas
• 1985 – RPG-76 Komar

• 1987 – Wasp 58 Light Anti-Armour Weapon

A JASDF soldier handles a Type 91 Kai MANPADS during exercises as a part of Red Flag – Alaska.

• 1970 – 9K32 Strela-2
• 1974 – 9K34 Strela-3
• 1981 – 9K38 Igla

• 1989 – Anza

• 1975 – Blowpipe

• 1967 – FIM-43 Redeye
• 1981 – FIM-92 Stinger
• 1945 – Fliegerfaust

• 1995 – PZR Grom

• 1994 – Type 91 surface-to-air missile

• 1943 – Carl Gustaf 37 mm recoilless rifle[5]
• 1945 – Carl Gustaf 47 mm recoilless rifle[6]
• 1948 – Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle M1
• 1964 – Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle M2
• 1986 – Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle M3
• 2014 – Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle M4

Russian soldier with a single-use disposable RPO-A Shmel rocket flamethrower.

• 1978 – M202 FLASH

• 1975 – RPO Rys
• 1986 – RPO-A Shmel
• 2004 – RPO PDM-A Prize