Significant event audit

The concept of SEA was established with the aid of Mike Pringle's occasional paper on the topic in 1995, where, he defined SEA as;

a process in which individual episodes are analysed, in a systematic and detailed way to ascertain what can be learnt about the overall quality of care, and to indicate changes that might lead to improvements.[4]

It does not necessarily involve an undesirable outcome and can reflect good or bad practice.[2] The Medical Defence Union (MDU) defines SEA as "a way of formally analysing incidents with implications for patient care in order to improve services".[1] For the purposes of appraisal and revalidation a SEA is "any unintended or unexpected event, which could or did lead to harm".[5] This is reflected in the General Medical Council's (GMC) definition which is not the same as that frequently used in primary care. The GMC describe a SEA as;

an untoward or critical incident...which...is any unintended or unexpected event, which could or did lead to harm of one or more patients. This includes incidents which did not cause harm but could have done, or where the event should have been prevented.[6]

SEA is mainly a concept from the UK,[7][8] where team members come together to constructively review an event that has occurred, broadly equating to doing a case study.[4] It is preferentially used in primary care situations and has some comparisons with root cause analysis.[9] It is most frequently required for appraisal, revalidation and continuing professional development,[10] and unlike clinical audit, SEA is qualitative[2] and considered as a form of quality improvement activity, as events of SEA in primary care frequently do not meet the harm threshold.[11]

It can also be used as part of a GP trainee's learning log.[12] The value of using SEA was highlighted in the publication of the GP contract of 2004, and became part of the GP contract in the UK, with practices requiring to have completed 12 SEAs every three years.[4]

SEA as a risk management technique is endorsed by the National Patient Safety Agency.[4]

Events triggering a SEA can be diverse, include both adverse and critical events, as well as good practice, and are a structured way of reviewing an occurrence that caused harm, a near miss or an identified risk, or a reason for celebration. With the aim of being a positive development, it can cover clinical as well as administrative areas.[3][13]

Examples could include:

• To identify individual events whether beneficial or detrimental and to improve the quality of patient care from the lessons learnt.
• To encourage openness, rather than blame or self-criticism.
• To encourage team-building.
• To identify good practice, in addition to poor practice.
• To be useful for continuing professional development.
• To share SEA between teams within the NHS.[2]

A timeline of the SEA is assembled with the facts gathered via medical records and personal accounts and interviews. This can then be further analysed.[2]

The SEA is frequently set as an agenda item within a wider group meeting, but a separate meeting may also be arranged ad hoc if necessary.[4] Attendees usually comprise a few or a number from the following;[3][14]

In the meeting, those involved in the event present what happened in the case, followed by questioning and a group discussion about how the situation was dealt with. Actions and a follow-up meeting may be necessary with agreement and the process is recorded as a summary. The SEA is then documented on a form which is frequently bespoke to the practice.[3][4]

The discussion may lead to a number of outcomes including;

• Celebration[3]
• Immediate change[3]
• Audit[3]
• No action[3]
• A review of the literature or guidelines and report back[7]
• A root cause analysis and report back[7]

There is no fixed end point, hence outcomes can be re-evaluated at predetermined intervals.[2]

External agencies that may require access to SEA documents include patients and carers, GP appraisers, clinical governance committees, clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) and the (GMC.[2]

GPs are now encouraged to report and share SEAs via their local CCG clinical governance. Other reporting systems include the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency's (MHRA) Yellow Card Scheme for adverse medical events.[2]

Restrictions due to the time needed to perform SEA may cause difficulty in going through the process. Other restrictions may include resistance to honesty, the process being emotionally demanding and uncomfortable, and lack of motivation. Leadership and group dynamics may vary and there may be conflicts of interest between staff.[2]

The method of SEA, focusing on the team rather than the individual, is founded on the critical incident technique, developed during the Second World War by aviation psychologist John C. Flanagan, to identify successful and adverse aspects of "combat leadership". Its application now extends to business, organisational psychology, education and healthcare.[2]

Within the NHS, seriously untoward events were analysed via a number of methods including grand rounds, clinico-pathology meetings and confidential enquiries.[2]

In 1995, two general practitioners, Mike Pringle and Colin Bradley, published a "groundbreaking" paper on SEA.[15] They helped instigate and develop SEA into primary care in the UK.[9] Following the publication of A First Class Service, clinical governance was established in April 1999, and subsequently two more documents further promoted SEA as a way of delivering clinical governance.[2]

• “Significant Event Audit; A Guidance for Primary Care Teams”, Paul Bowie and Mike Pringle, National Patient Safety Agency (2008)