Silicon-vacancy center in diamond

The silicon-vacancy center (Si-V) is an optically active defect in diamond (referred to as a color center) that is receiving an increasing amount of interest in the diamond research community. This interest is driven primarily by the coherent optical properties of the Si-V, especially compared to the well-known and extensively-studied nitrogen-vacancy center (N-V).

The semi-divacancy model of the Si-V center, which is also common for other large impurities in diamond, such as Ni, Co, Ge and S.
Luminescence maps of the Si-V center in diamond produced by ion implantation: x-y (top) and x-z (bottom). The x-z depth map was measured along the black line in the top image.[1]

Properties

Crystallographic

The Si-V center is formed by replacing two neighboring carbon atoms in the diamond lattice with one silicon atom, which places itself between the two vacant lattice sites. This configuration has a D3d point group symmetry.

Electronic

The Si-V center is a single-hole (spin-1/2) system with ground and excited electronic states located within the diamond bandgap. The ground and excited electronic states have two orbital states split by spin–orbit coupling. Each of these spin–orbit states is doubly degenerate by spin, and this splitting can be affected by lattice strain. Phonons in the diamond lattice drive transitions between these orbital states, causing rapid equilibration of the orbital population at temperatures above ca. 1 K.[2]

All four transitions between the two ground and two excited orbital states are dipole allowed with a sharp zero-phonon line (ZPL) at 738 nm (1.68 eV)[3] and minimal phononic sideband in a roughly 20 nm window around 766 nm.[4] The Si-V center emits much more of its emission into its ZPL, approximately 70% (Debye–Waller factor of 0.7), than most other optical centers in diamond, such as the nitrogen-vacancy center (Debye–Waller factor ~ 0.04).[5] The Si-V center also has higher excited states that relax quickly to the lowest excited states, allowing off-resonant excitation.

The Si-V center has an inversion symmetry, and no static electric dipole moment (to the first order); it is therefore insensitive to the Stark shift that could result from inhomogeneous electric fields within the diamond lattice. This property, together with the weak electron-phonon coupling, results in a narrow ZPL in the Si-V center, which is mostly limited by its intrinsic lifetime.[6] Bright photoluminescence, narrow optical lines, and ease of finding optically indistinguishable Si-V centers favor them for applications in solid-state quantum optics.

Spin

Although the optical transitions of the Si-V center preserve the electron spin, the rapid phonon-induced mixing between the Si-V orbital states causes spin decoherence. Yet it is possible to use the 29Si nuclear spin of the Si-V as a qubit for quantum information applications.[7][8][9]

References
  1. Liu, Yan; Chen, Gengxu; Rong, Youying; McGuinness, Liam Paul; Jelezko, Fedor; Tamura, Syuto; Tanii, Takashi; Teraji, Tokuyuki; Onoda, Shinobu; Ohshima, Takeshi; Isoya, Junichi; Shinada, Takahiro; Wu, E; Zeng, Heping (2015). "Fluorescence Polarization Switching from a Single Silicon Vacancy Colour Centre in Diamond". Scientific Reports. 5: 12244. Bibcode:2015NatSR...512244L. doi:10.1038/srep12244. PMC 4511871. PMID 26202940.
  2. Jahnke, K. D.; Sipahigil, A.; Binder, J. M.; Doherty, M. W.; Metsch, M.; Rogers, L. J.; Manson, N. B.; Lukin, M. D.; Jelezko, F. (April 2015). "Electron–phonon processes of the silicon-vacancy centre in diamond". New Journal of Physics. 17 (4): 043011. arXiv:1411.2871. Bibcode:2015NJPh...17d3011J. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/17/4/043011. S2CID 17590913.
  3. Feng, T.; Schwartz, B. D. (1993). "Characteristics and origin of the 1.681 eV luminescence centre in chemical-vapor-deposited diamond films". Journal of Applied Physics. 73 (3): 1415. Bibcode:1993JAP....73.1415F. doi:10.1063/1.353239.
  4. Dietrich, A.; Jahnke, K. D.; Binder, J. M.; Teraji, T.; Isoya, J.; Rogers, L. J.; Jelezko, F. (2014). "Isotopically varying spectral features of silicon-vacancy in diamond". New Journal of Physics. 16 (11): 113019. arXiv:1407.7137. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/16/11/113019. S2CID 119303095.
  5. Aharonovich, I.; Castelletto, S.; Simpson, D. A.; Su, C. -H.; Greentree, A. D.; Prawer, S. (2011). "Diamond-based single-photon emitters". Reports on Progress in Physics. 74 (7): 076501. Bibcode:2011RPPh...74g6501A. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/74/7/076501. S2CID 123302785.
  6. Rogers, L. J.; Jahnke, K. D.; Teraji, T.; Marseglia, L.; Müller, C.; Naydenov, B.; Schauffert, H.; Kranz, C.; Isoya, J.; McGuinness, L. P.; Jelezko, F. (2014). "Multiple intrinsically identical single-photon emitters in the solid state". Nature Communications. 5: 4739. arXiv:1310.3804. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.4739R. doi:10.1038/ncomms5739. PMID 25162729. S2CID 19581092.
  7. Rogers, L. J.; Jahnke, K. D.; Metsch, M. H.; Sipahigil, A.; Binder, J. M.; Teraji, T.; Sumiya, H.; Isoya, J.; Lukin, M. D.; Hemmer, P.; Jelezko, F. (2014). "All-Optical Initialization, Readout, and Coherent Preparation of Single Silicon-Vacancy Spins in Diamond". Physical Review Letters. 113 (26): 263602. arXiv:1410.1355. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.113z3602R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.263602. PMID 25615330. S2CID 7492043.
  8. Pingault, B.; Becker, J. N.; Schulte, C. H. H.; Arend, C.; Hepp, C.; Godde, T.; Tartakovskii, A. I.; Markham, M.; Becher, C.; Atatüre, M. (2014). "All-Optical Formation of Coherent Dark States of Silicon-Vacancy Spins in Diamond". Physical Review Letters. 113 (26): 263601. arXiv:1409.4069. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.113z3601P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.263601. PMID 25615329. S2CID 15711479.
  9. Stas, P.-J.; Huan, Y. Q.; Machielse, B.; Knall, E. N.; Suleymanzade, A.; Pingault, B.; Sutula, M.; Ding, S. W.; Knaut, C. N.; Assumpcao, D. R.; Wei, Y.-C.; Bhaskar, M. K.; Riedinger, R.; Sukachev, D. D.; Park, H.; Lončar, M.; Levonian, D.; Lukin, M. D. (2022). "Robust multi-qubit quantum network node with integrated error detection". Science. 378 (6619): 557–560. arXiv:2207.13128. Bibcode:2022Sci...378..557S. doi:10.1126/science.add9771. PMID 36378964. S2CID 251105100.
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