Silylgermane

Silylgermane
Names
	IUPAC name Silylgermane
	Other names Germyl - silyl (1:1)[1]; Germylsilane[2];
Identifiers
CAS Number	13768-63-3;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	4885751;
EC Number	691-745-6;
PubChem CID	6327222;
	InChI InChI=1S/GeH3.H3Si/h2*1H3 Key: CBEQHMYZJXLLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES [SiH3].[GeH3];
Properties
Chemical formula	SiH3GeH3
Molar mass	106.763 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless gas
Odor	Unpleasant, irritating[3]
Melting point	−119.7 °C (−183.5 °F; 153.5 K)[4]
Boiling point	7.0 °C (44.6 °F; 280.1 K)[4]
Structure
Molecular shape	Ethane-like
Hazards[2]
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Extremely flammable, toxic and corrosive, may cause severe and permanent eye damage, fatal if inhaled
Inhalation hazards	Fatal
Eye hazards	Permanent eye damage
Skin hazards	Corrosive injuries
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H220, H280, H314, H330
Precautionary statements	P210, P222, P230, P260, P264, P271, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302, P304+P340, P305, P316, P320, P321, P338, P361, P363, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, P501
Related compounds
Related compounds	Ethane; Disilane; Digermane; Methylsilane; Methylgermane;
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Silylgermane is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula H₃Si−GeH₃. It is a colorless gas with an unpleasant odor. It is unstable in air. It is very flammable, very toxic and corrosive. It reacts with alkali liberating hydrogen.[2][5][4][3]

History

Silylgermane was prepared in 1962 by Alan MacDiarmid and his coworkers by a silent electric discharge through an equimolar mix of silane and germane gases for a total of 28 hours. This method produces other hydrides of silicon and germanium as well.[4][3]

Preparation

One of the most common methods of preparation of silylgermane is the reaction of germane (GeH₄) and chlorosilane (SiH₃Cl) in the presence of a catalyst. Another method is the reaction of germane and silicon tetrachloride in the presence of a reducing agent. Silylgermane can also be produced by the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium or calcium germanides-silicides, and by the reaction between hydrofluoric acid and a mixture of silicon monoxide and germanium monoxide. The synthesis of silylgermane requires careful handling due to its extreme toxicity and flammability.[3]

Structure

Silylgermane molecule contains both silicon and germanium atoms.[6] The molecule of silylgermane can be viewed as a silyl group replacing one of the hydrogen atoms of the germane molecule. According to the VSEPR theory, the molecule structure is like ethane, with a tetrahedral molecular geometry on silicon and germanium atoms. Silylgermane is a group 14 hydride.[7][8][4]

Uses

Silylgermane is useful in scientific research applications, for example in research of the properties of silicon and germanium compounds. Silylgermane is used as a precursor for the synthesis of germanium compounds, as well as in electronics such as germanium quantum dots, germanium nanowires, and in the production of solar cells and semiconductors.[9]

Safety

Silylgermane is extremely flammable and may explode, especially upon heating closed bottles containing this chemical. Silylgermane is known to be very toxic, thus, it is important to handle this chemical with cautiousness and to use appropriate protective equipment. It irritates skin, eyes and respiratory system. It is corrosive both to materials and living tissues (e.g. skin, mucous membrane, lungs and eyes). May cause severe and permanent skin and eye damage. Inhalation of silylgermane and its fumes may cause death.[2]

Derivatives

Derivatives of the general formula X₃Si−GeX₃ (X = hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, and mixtures of these groups) are called silylgermanes as well.

Organic silylgermanes R₃Si−GeR'₃ can be prepared by the reaction between silylpotassium R₃SiK and chlorogermane R'₃GeCl, or by the reaction between germylpotassium R'₃GeK and chlorosilane R₃SiCl.[3]

R₃SiK + R'₃GeCl → R₃SiGeR'₃ + KCl

R'₃GeK + R₃SiCl → R₃SiGeR'₃ + KCl

The way to obtain fully alkylated silylgermanes is reaction between trialkylsilyl halide R₃SiX, trialkylgermyl halide R'₃GeX and the sodium metal (typically, the R and R' groups are ethyl and the X is bromine Br).[3]

R₃SiX + R'₃GeX + 2 Na → R₃SiGeR'₃ + 2 NaX

References

"Germyl - silyl (1:1) | H6GeSi | ChemSpider".
"Silylgermane".
Organosilicon Heteropolymers and Heterocompounds. Springer. 6 December 2012. ISBN 9781461586272.
Spanier, Edward J.; MacDiarmid, Alan G. (1963). "The Synthesis of Germylsilane from Silane and Germane in a Silent Electric Discharge". Inorganic Chemistry. 2: 215–216. doi:10.1021/ic50005a055.
"13768-63-3, Silylgermane, CAS No 13768-63-3 Silylgermane".
Roy, Matthew M. D.; Omaña, Alvaro A.; Wilson, Andrew S. S.; Hill, Michael S.; Aldridge, Simon; Rivard, Eric (2021). "Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides". Chemical Reviews. 121 (20): 12784–12965. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278. PMID 34450005. S2CID 237341726.
Petrucci, R. H.; W. S., Harwood; F. G., Herring (2002). General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (8th ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 413–414 (Table 11.1). ISBN 978-0-13-014329-7.
https://goldbook.iupac.org/
Ritter, Cole J.; Hu, Changwu; Chizmeshya, Andrew V. G.; Tolle, John; Klewer, Douglas; Tsong, Ignatius S. T.; Kouvetakis, John (2005). "Synthesis and Fundamental Studies of (H₃Ge) _x SiH_4- _x Molecules: Precursors to Semiconductor Hetero- and Nanostructures on Si". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (27): 9855–9864. doi:10.1021/ja051411o. PMID 15998091.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[chemspider-1] "Germyl - silyl (1:1) | H6GeSi | ChemSpider".

[pubchem-2] "Silylgermane".

[googlebooks1-3] Organosilicon Heteropolymers and Heterocompounds. Springer. 6 December 2012. ISBN 9781461586272.

[pubs-4] Spanier, Edward J.; MacDiarmid, Alan G. (1963). "The Synthesis of Germylsilane from Silane and Germane in a Silent Electric Discharge". Inorganic Chemistry. 2: 215–216. doi:10.1021/ic50005a055.

[chemnet-5] "13768-63-3, Silylgermane, CAS No 13768-63-3 Silylgermane".

[chemrev-6] Roy, Matthew M. D.; Omaña, Alvaro A.; Wilson, Andrew S. S.; Hill, Michael S.; Aldridge, Simon; Rivard, Eric (2021). "Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides". Chemical Reviews. 121 (20): 12784–12965. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278. PMID 34450005. S2CID 237341726.

[PetrucTable-7] Petrucci, R. H.; W. S., Harwood; F. G., Herring (2002). General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications (8th ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 413–414 (Table 11.1). ISBN 978-0-13-014329-7.

[goldbook.iupac-8] ttps://goldbook.iupac.org/

[pubs1-9] Ritter, Cole J.; Hu, Changwu; Chizmeshya, Andrew V. G.; Tolle, John; Klewer, Douglas; Tsong, Ignatius S. T.; Kouvetakis, John (2005). "Synthesis and Fundamental Studies of (H₃Ge) _x SiH_4- _x Molecules: Precursors to Semiconductor Hetero- and Nanostructures on Si". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (27): 9855–9864. doi:10.1021/ja051411o. PMID 15998091.