Singular function

In mathematics, a real-valued function f on the interval [a, b] is said to be singular if it has the following properties:

• f is continuous on [a, b]. (**)
• there exists a set N of measure 0 such that for all x outside of N the derivative f ′(x) exists and is zero, that is, the derivative of f vanishes almost everywhere.
• f is non-constant on [a, b].

The graph of the winding number of the circle map is an example of a singular function.

A standard example of a singular function is the Cantor function, which is sometimes called the devil's staircase (a term also used for singular functions in general). There are, however, other functions that have been given that name. One is defined in terms of the circle map.

If f(x) = 0 for all x ≤ a and f(x) = 1 for all x ≥ b, then the function can be taken to represent a cumulative distribution function for a random variable which is neither a discrete random variable (since the probability is zero for each point) nor an absolutely continuous random variable (since the probability density is zero everywhere it exists).

Singular functions occur, for instance, as sequences of spatially modulated phases or structures in solids and magnets, described in a prototypical fashion by the Frenkel–Kontorova model and by the ANNNI model, as well as in some dynamical systems. Most famously, perhaps, they lie at the center of the fractional quantum Hall effect.