Edward Harley (Parliamentarian)

Edward Harley was born 21 October 1624 in Brampton Bryan Castle, Herefordshire, eldest surviving son of Sir Robert Harley (1579-1656), and his third wife Brilliana, Lady Harley (1598-1643). He was the eldest of seven children from this marriage, the others being Robert (1626–1673), Thomas (1628–1692?), Brilliana (1629–1660), Dorothy (b. 1630), Margaret (b. 1631), and Elizabeth (b. 1634).[1]

In 1654, Harley married Mary Dutton, and they had four daughters before her death; [lower-alpha 2] in 1661, Abigail Stephens became his second wife. They had four surviving children; Robert, Earl of Oxford (1661-1724), who became Lord High Treasurer in 1711, Edward Harley (1664–1735), Abigail (1664-1726), and Nathaniel (1665-1720).[2]

The Harleys were one of the most powerful families in Herefordshire, while both Sir Robert and Lady Brilliana were Presbyterians who used their influence to appoint Nonconformist clergy to local positions.[3] With this background, after leaving Shrewsbury School in 1638, Harley entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, then a centre of Puritan education.[lower-alpha 3] He left Oxford in 1640 to join his father in London, and attended Lincoln's Inn from 1641 to 1642.[2]

The remains of Brampton Bryan Castle, almost totally destroyed during the war

When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, the Harleys were among the minority of Herefordshire landed gentry who supported Parliament, and the county became a major source of Royalist recruits.[4] By 1643, Parliamentarian forces controlled only a few strongholds in the area, including Brampton Bryan castle, where the garrison was commanded by Lady Brilliana. The local headquarters was Gloucester, held throughout the conflict by Edward Massey.[5]

During William Waller's 1643 campaign in South West England, Harley served as captain of a troop of cavalry at Lansdowne and Roundway Down in July. Two Parliamentarian defeats that cemented Royalist control of the region, he later attributed these setbacks to divine punishment for over confidence.[6] However, an attack on Gloucester itself was successfully repulsed, and in August Harley was made colonel of a new infantry regiment raised as part of Massey's Army of the Western Association.[2]

Lady Brilliana died of pneumonia in October 1643, while Brampton Bryan castle was sacked and burned a few months later. During a Royalist attempt to tighten their blockade of Gloucester in August 1644, Harley was wounded in a skirmish outside Redmarley D'Abitot,[7] a village near Ledbury.[2] This was repulsed, and with Prince Rupert taking many Royalist troops north for the Marston Moor campaign, Parliamentarian forces were able to capture Monmouth in September.[8] Harley was appointed Governor, before dissension among the garrison and hostility from the locals allowed the Royalists to retake the town in November.[9]

BramptonBryan

CanonFrome

Monmouth

Ledbury

Hereford

Roundway Down

Lansdowne

Oxford

Gloucester

Key locations mentioned in article

When the New Model Army was formed in April 1645, Harley was given command of one of its twelve authorised infantry regiments; the previous colonel, Harry Barclay, and his deputy John Innes, were Scottish professional soldiers who resigned under orders from the Covenanter government.[10] His appointment appears to have been a political decision, since many officers proposed by Oliver Cromwell and Sir Thomas Fairfax were religious Independents or political radicals. Their commissions had to be approved by Parliament, whose moderate Presbyterian majority viewed them with considerable unease.[11]

Parliament presumably hoped Harley would counterbalance some of his radical officers, which included Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Pride, leader of Pride's Purge in December 1648, and future regicide Captain William Goffe.[12] In reality, command was generally exercised by Pride, since Harley spent very little time with the regiment. He missed Naseby after being wounded in another skirmish outside Ledbury in April 1645, and was appointed Governor of Canon Frome in August, which meant he did not participate in the New Model's Western Campaign. Regional forces like Massey's Western Association continued to exist independently of the New Model, and in January 1646 Harley was appointed Commander of Horse for Herefordshire and Radnorshire.[2] He was also one of the delegates who negotiated the surrender of Oxford, the Royalist war-time capital whose capitulation in June 1646 effectively ended the war.[13]

However, victory resulted in increasingly bitter disputes over the post-war political settlement between radicals within the New Model like Oliver Cromwell, and Parliamentary moderates, the most prominent being Denzil Holles.[14] At the same time, Parliament's desperate economic position made reducing the number of men under arms a matter of urgency. Seeking to ensure his own troops were retained and to re-assert his position in local politics, Harley became involved in a power struggle with the other prominent Parliamentarian in the region, Colonel John Birch, Governor of Hereford.[15]

In September 1646, Harley supported a proposal to dissolve those forces commanded by Birch, whom he then defeated in a By-election for Herefordshire.[16] Although the Self-denying Ordinance required MPs to resign their military positions, Harley retained his commission in the New Model. However, once in Parliament he sided with those who feared and resented the growing political influence of the military, and became one of its most significant opponents. Along with Holles, Waller and Massey, in June 1647 he was among the Eleven Members the army demanded be removed from Parliament. The MPs complied, allegedly "to avoid bloodshed".[2]

Pride's Purge, December 1648; Harley, his father and younger brother Robert were among the MPs excluded by his former deputy

Harley took no part in the Second English Civil War, and formally resigned his commission in August 1648, before resuming his seat in Parliament. Along with his father and younger brother Robert, he opposed the Trial of Charles I and was one of the MPs excluded by Pride's Purge in December 1648.[17] During the Interregnum that followed the Execution of Charles I in January 1649, he was arrested several times, although he avoided involvement in Royalist agitation, unlike Robert.[18]

The continuing influence of the Harley family in local politics was demonstrated in September 1656 when Edward was returned as MP for Herefordshire in the Second Protectorate Parliament, despite a concerted effort by The Protectorate authorities to prevent it. However, he was promptly barred from Parliament by Cromwell for challenging his appointment as Lord Protector.[17] His father died in December and Harley inherited his estates; these had been badly damaged by the war, and he spent the new few years restoring them.[2]

Harley returned to the Commons when the Long Parliament was re-installed in February 1660, and in April was re-elected for Herefordshire in the Convention Parliament.[17] After the Stuart Restoration in May, Charles II made him Deputy lieutenant of Herefordshire, Custos Rotulorum of Radnorshire, and Governor of Dunkirk. Occupied by England since 1658, Harley was committed to the town's retention,[lower-alpha 4] but was removed as Governor in 1661, shortly before Charles sold it to France in October 1662.[20]

Brampton Bryan Hall, built by Harley after the Stuart Restoration to replace Brampton Bryan Castle

Harley reportedly refused a peerage but accepted a knighthood so he could continue to sit in the Commons. In 1661, he was elected to the Cavalier Parliament as MP for New Radnor Boroughs, a seat he retained until 1679.[17] He remained a member of the Church of England despite opposing the Act of Uniformity 1662 and penal laws imposed on Presbyterians and other Nonconformists. Like other moderates he hoped these acts would eventually be amended, allowing dissidents to return to the church.[21]

Described by one opponent as a "Presbyterian rogue", Harley's religious opinions and hostility to Catholicism meant he was mistrusted by many of those around Charles II.[17] These views brought him close to Shaftesbury, who led the movement to exclude the Catholic heir, James II, from the succession.[22] In the elections of October 1679 and March 1681, he resumed his seat as MP for Herefordshire. However, Shaftesbury's efforts failed; Charles suspended Parliament for the rest of his reign, and in the Tory reaction that followed, Harley was deprived of all his offices.[17]

He retained considerable influence in Herefordshire, and despite being arrested during the unsuccessful Monmouth Rebellion in June 1685, James II made several efforts to attract his backing, all of which he refused.[2] In November 1688, Harley raised a troop of horse to support the Glorious Revolution; restored to his office as Deputy lieutenant of Herefordshire and Radnorshire, in April 1689 he was elected for Herefordshire, then defeated in 1690.[17] He returned to Parliament in February 1693 as a Country Whig, often voting with the Tories; his opposition to the government was largely due to concerns over the expansion of the standing army for the Nine Years War.[lower-alpha 5] He resigned his seat in 1695 and died at home in Brampton Bryan on 8 December 1700.[2]

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Deputy lieutenant of Herefordshire