Sirras

Sirras
Sirras
Reign	c. 423–393 BC
Died	After 390
Consort	Irra of Lyncestis
Ancient Greek	Σίρρας

Sirras or Sirrhas (Ancient Greek: Σίρρας; d. 390 BC) was a prince, royal member and perhaps prince-regent of Lynkestis (Lyncestis) in Upper Macedonia for his father-in-law King Arrhabaeus (fl. 423–393 BC). He participated in the Pelopponesian War against Sparta.

Life

Origin

Sirras's origin is disputed, scholars being divided on whether he was of Lynkestian origin,[1] or Illyrian origin or of Upper Macedonian origin with Illyrian ancestors.[2] He may have been a son of the Illyrian chieftain Grabos.[3]

Pelopponesian War

Sirras took part in the Pelopponesian War as an ally of Athens, on the side of Arrhabaeus I of Lyncestis against Perdiccas of Macedonia.[4] In 423 BC Arrhabaeus threw off the Lower Macedonian yoke and became an ally of Sirras.[5] This was reinforced when Sirras married the daughter of Arrhabaeus. At first Sparta avoided involvement in Macedon's war with Arrhabaeus, but in 423 BC they joined an expedition which ended with a retreat by the Macedonians and a brilliantly contrived escape of the Spartans.

After an initial success against Arrhabaeus, Perdiccas persuaded his allies to await the arrival of Illyrian mercenaries. It has been claimed that the Illyrians were under the command of Sirras but this is not supported in historiography (Thucydides did not mention Sirras). Rather the Illyrians opted instead to join the army of Arrhabaeus as they were now allies.[6] The Spartan general, Brasidas who came to support the Macedonians in their advance into the remote regions of Lyncestis, was abandoned by the Macedonians but was able to extract his army of 4,000 from Illyrian encirclement.[7] Thucydides stated that the fear inspired by their warlike character made both Greek armies think it best to retreat. The young Spartans were clearly shaken by the fearsome appearance of the Illyrian forces.[8]

Thucydides reports Brasidas saying that the Illyrians may terrify those with an active imagination, they are formidable in their outward bulk, their loud yelling is unbearable and the brandishing of their weapons in the air has a threatening appearance, but when it comes to real fighting with an opponent who stands his ground they are not what they seemed; they have no regular order that would make them ashamed of deserting their positions when hard pressed; with them flight and attack are equally honourable, and afford no test of courage; their independent mode of fighting never leaving anyone who wants to run away without a fair excuse of doing so.[9]

Thucydides incidentally never makes any mention of Sirras. Basing himself on Aristotle's example of Sirras and Arrhabaeus,[10] N.G.L Hammond concludes that Sirras was a regent to the minor king Arrhabaeus,[11] although Aristotle's quote can also be used to support the case that Sirras was a strategos and Arrhabaeus the king, as Kapetanopoulos argues.[12]

War against Archelaus I of Macedon

At the end of the 5th century BC, Sirras was once again at war with Macedonia over a claim on Lyncestis. Around the end of the reign of Archelaus I of Macedon, ca. 400/399 BC, a new war developed between the two kings over Lyncestis. As in earlier times, Arrhabaeus and Sirras acted together. The results of this war are not known, but later events show that no change happened to the status quo.

Family

Sirras' daughter, Eurydice, married King Amyntas III of Macedon in around 390 BC, probably as part of an alliance against the Illyrians,[13] after he suffered his first defeat by them in 393 BC.[14] One of the sons from this marriage was the future Philip II of Macedon.

References

Hammond 1989, p. 32; Kapetanopoulos 1994, pp. 9–14.
Greenwalt 2010, p. 286: "Her father was named Sirrhas (perhaps the same Sirrhas mentioned in Aristotle.), who some scholars have argued was an Illyrian by birth (thus making Eurydice an out-and-out Illyrian herself) but others that he was from one or another of the Upper Macedonian cantons but with Illyrian ancestors."
Heckel 2016, p. 20.
Cleopatras By John Edwin George Whitehorne
Neritan Ceka (2005). The Illyrians to the Albanians.
Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. p. 283.
Hammond 1966
John Wilkes. The Illyrians. pp. 117–8.
Thucydides. History of the Pelopponessian War, 4.126.
Aristot. Pol. 5.1311b | http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0086,035:5:1311b
N.G.L.Hammond and G.T. Griffith, A History of Macedonia II, Oxford, 1979, 15 & 139, "Rulers of Lyncus"
Kapetanopoulos 1994, p. 10.
Worthington 2008, p. 15.
"Philip II of Macedonia". The Ancient World, Volume I. Retrieved January 21, 2011.

Bibliography

Elizabeth Donnelly Carney (7 May 2019). Eurydice and the Birth of Macedonian Power. Oxford University Press. pp. 125–. ISBN 978-0-19-028054-3.
Paul Chrystal (15 May 2016). In Bed with the Ancient Greeks. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-1-4456-5413-3.
Robin J. Lane Fox (22 June 2011). Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC - 300 AD. BRILL. pp. 221–. ISBN 978-90-04-20923-7.
Greenwalt, William S. (2010). "Macedonia, Illyria, and Epirus". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 279–305. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2.
Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1989). The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814883-6.
Heckel, Waldemar (2016). Alexander's Marshals: A Study of the Makedonian Aristocracy and the Politics of Military Leadership. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317389224.
Kapetanopoulos, Elias (1994). "Sirras" (PDF). The Ancient World. XXV (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
King, Carol (2017). Ancient Macedonia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1351710329.
Müller, Sabine (2017). Die Argeaden: Geschichte Makedoniens bis zum Zeitalter Alexanders des Großen. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh. ISBN 978-3657777686.
Whitehorne, John (2002). Cleopatras. Routledge. ISBN 1134932154.
Worthington, Ian (2008). Phillip II of Macedonia. New Haven and London: Yale. ISBN 978-0-300-12079-0.

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[1] Hammond 1989, p. 32; Kapetanopoulos 1994, pp. 9–14.

[2] Greenwalt 2010, p. 286: "Her father was named Sirrhas (perhaps the same Sirrhas mentioned in Aristotle.), who some scholars have argued was an Illyrian by birth (thus making Eurydice an out-and-out Illyrian herself) but others that he was from one or another of the Upper Macedonian cantons but with Illyrian ancestors."

[FOOTNOTEHeckel201620-3] Heckel 2016, p. 20.

[4] Cleopatras By John Edwin George Whitehorne

[Ceka-5] Neritan Ceka (2005). The Illyrians to the Albanians.

[6] Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. p. 283.

[7] Hammond 1966

[8] John Wilkes. The Illyrians. pp. 117–8.

[9] Thucydides. History of the Pelopponessian War, 4.126.

[10] Aristot. Pol. 5.1311b | http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0086,035:5:1311b

[11] N.G.L.Hammond and G.T. Griffith, A History of Macedonia II, Oxford, 1979, 15 & 139, "Rulers of Lyncus"

[12] Kapetanopoulos 1994, p. 10.

[13] Worthington 2008, p. 15.

[Philip_II-14] "Philip II of Macedonia". The Ancient World, Volume I. Retrieved January 21, 2011.