Slug (coin)

A slug is a counterfeit coin that is illegally used to make purchases. The object substituted may be an inexpensive object such as a washer or a coin from another country with far lower purchasing power than the coin it is being passed off as.

A plain metal washer, if of the correct size and weight, may be accepted as a coin by a vending machine.

While slugs are sometimes passed off to cashiers and other unwitting human recipients, they are more commonly used in automated coin-operated devices such as a vending machine, payphone, parking meter, transit farebox, copy machine, coin laundry, gaming machine, or arcade game.[1] By resembling various features of a genuine coin, including the weight, size, and shape, and/or by mixing it with genuine coinage a slug is intended to trick the recipient into accepting it as a real coin.

Losses caused to vendors by slug usage may be the result of the loss of sales revenue following the distribution of merchandise that was obtained at the vendor's expense as well as the loss of cash that is distributed by the machine for overpayment with slugs. Honest customers may also suffer losses when change returned for overpayment is in the form of a slug rather than a genuine coin. Customer losses may be either unintentional on the part of merchants (such as when perpetrated by unwitting cashiers or machines designed to automatically process previous payments as change for later customers) or the result of the deliberate substitution of genuine coinage by corrupt cashiers and vending machine operators.

Though slug usage is illegal in the United States and elsewhere,[2] prosecution for slug usage is rare due to the low value of each theft, the difficulty in identifying an offender, and also the difficulty in proving mens rea (especially when the slug is another country's genuine coin) since perpetrators when confronted will often claim the substitution was an "honest" mistake. Offenders in casinos are most likely to be prosecuted, as casinos have high levels of video surveillance and other security measures, and tend to be more proactive in enforcement.

Use of other currencies

There are many cases of genuine coins being used as slugs in another country, with or without knowledge of the user.

  • Until 2006, the Australian and New Zealand 5-, 10- and 20-cent pieces (previously sixpence, shilling, and florin, respectively) were used interchangeably in both countries. These coins were of the same material and size, with almost identical obverses. The New Zealand coins were worth about 20% less, resulting in a small gain to those passing them in Australia and a similar loss in New Zealand.
  • The 10–Syrian pound coin is often used as a slug in Norway, where it resembles the 20-krone coin. While not easy to find in Norway, the Syrian coins are used in automated machines there so often that Posten Norge, the Norwegian postal service, decided to close many of their coins-to-banknotes machines on February 18, 2006, with plans to develop a system able to differentiate between the two coins. In the summer of 2005, a Norwegian man was sentenced to 30 days, suspended, for using Syrian coins in arcade machines in the municipality of Bærum.[3]
  • The use of 100 won coins for the slug of 100 yen coins still commonly occurs, contributing to the conflict between Japanese and South Korean citizens.[4] Similarly, until 2000, the South Korean 500 won coin could be modified to match the weight of the original 500 yen coin which was otherwise identical in diameter and composition, and thereby used to fool weight-sensitive vending machines.[5][6]
  • From the fall of the Soviet Union to the monetary reform in 1998, the Russian Federation often issued a commemorative one-ruble coin that was identical in size and weight to a 5 Swiss franc coin. For this reason, there have been several instances of these (worthless) ruble coins being used on a large scale to defraud automated vending machines in Switzerland.[7]
  • In 1988, Thailand started minting a bimetallic ten baht coin that is quite similar to the 2 euro coin (first issue in 2002) in weight, size and appearance. Because it is worth substantially less, it has been used to fool cashiers and automated vending machines since the introduction of physical euro currency.[8][9] The same coin is also used in Hong Kong due to its similarity with the Hong Kong ten-dollar coin despite being worth a quarter of the latter's value.[10]
  • In the United Arab Emirates in August 2006, it became publicly known that the Philippine one-peso coin had the same size as the 1 United Arab Emirates dirham coin.[11] With one dirham having a value nearly 14 times that of one Philippine peso, this has led to vending machine fraud in the United Arab Emirates.
  • Since the late 1970's, with relatively brief exceptions, the Canadian dollar has been worth significantly less than the U.S. dollar. Due to the immense trade and travel between the two countries a very limited amount of Canadian coinage circulates in the U.S., mainly in border areas. In contrast, U.S. coins circulate in somewhat greater quantity throughout Canada, where it is far less likely to be rejected as change by merchants or consumers due to its greater value. Canadian coins have always been considerably lighter than their respective American counterparts, so regardless of past, present and future exchange rates one nation's currency cannot be effectively used to defraud machines in the other.

Composition

Slugs are usually made from metals differing from those of real coins. While genuine US coinage is made from various alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc, Canadian coins are made mostly from steel with some copper and nickel, and euro coins are made from steel, nickel, and brass, slugs are frequently made from differing metals and alloys that are cheaper to obtain and mold, such as aluminum, tin, and lead.

Slugs may or may not have the face details of real coins. Some slugs that are made to match the face details may not be immediately recognizable as such to handlers, and may enter circulation.

Older, cheaper, and other low-tech machines that have fewer security measures are more likely to be defrauded by slug users. As an example, the fully mechanical mechanisms used in the traditional type of small vending machines that distribute candy or toys, and that can still often be found today at the entrances and/or exits of grocery stores and other retailers, can be fooled by cardboard coins. Many newer machines, especially those found in casinos, have additional detection that can identify more details of coins and detect those that do not resemble real coins.

See also

References
  1. "Indiana Code Title 35. Criminal Law and Procedure §IC 35-43-5" (PDF). in.gov. Indiana General Assembly. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2008.
  2. "8 U.S.C. § 486 – Uttering Coins of Gold, Silver or Other Metal: "Whoever, except as authorized by law, makes or utters or passes, or attempts to utter or pass, any coins of gold or silver or other metal, or alloys of metals, intended for use as current money, whether in the resemblance of coins of the United States or of foreign countries, or of original design, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both." Note that 18 U.S.C. § 491 also addresses the creation of coins, but this particular code section prohibits the creation of coins or the use of similar metal objects for the purpose of inserting into parking meters, vending machines, and similar venues". communitycurencies.org. U.S.C. Retrieved August 19, 2018.
  3. Andersen, Øystein (February 18, 2006). "Myntsvindlere herjer i Oslo". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). DB Medialab AS. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
  4. 박상은 기자 [Park Sang Eun] (August 11, 2015). ""100엔 대신 100원 넣는 한국인 조심해요" 日 트윗 확산" ["Watch out for Koreans putting 100 won instead of 100 yen"]. 국민일보 [Kukmin Ilbo] (in Korean). Retrieved July 13, 2017.
  5. The Contemporary "Won" Coins of the Republic of Korea (1966 – Present) Dokdo Research (dokdo-research.com). Retrieved on 2017-05-05.
  6. Metropolis [Tokyo] Money Talks: Short Changed
  7. "Mit alten Rubelmünzen Automaten am Zürcher HB geplündert" (in German). Swissinfo. 15 November 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  8. admin. "Europe has been talking about the 10 baht/2 Euro problem for some time | 2Bangkok.com". 2bangkok.com. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
  9. "Euro-Bargeld: Thai-Münzen überlisten Automaten". Spiegel Online. 2001-11-26. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
  10. "泰銖扮「10蚊銀」 金管局教6招防偽 - 香港經濟日報 - TOPick - 新聞 - 社會". topick.hket.com. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
  11. Menon, Sunita (August 1, 2006). "Hey presto! A Peso's as good as a Dirham". gulfnews.com. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
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