Sodium ethoxide

Sodium ethoxide
Names
	Other names Sodium ethanolate, sodium ethylate (obsolete)
Identifiers
CAS Number	141-52-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Beilstein Reference	3593646
ChEBI	CHEBI:52096;
ChemSpider	8516 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.004.989
EC Number	205-487-5;
PubChem CID	2723922;
UNII	1I9504387J;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID3027089;
	InChI InChI=1S/C2H5O.Na/c1-2-3;/h2H2,1H3;/q-1;+1 Key: QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/C2H5O.Na/c1-2-3;/h2H2,1H3;/q-1;+1 Key: QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYAQ;
	SMILES [Na+].[O-]CC;
Properties
Chemical formula	C2H5ONa
Molar mass	68.05 g/mol
Appearance	white ; hygroscopic
Density	0.868 g/cm3 (of a 21 wt% solution in ethanol)
Melting point	260 °C (500 °F; 533 K)
Solubility in water	Reacts
Solubility	ethanol and methanol
Acidity (pKa)	15.5[1]
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H228, H251, H302, H314
Precautionary statements	P210, P235+P410, P240, P241, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P330, P363, P370+P378, P405, P407, P413, P420, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 2 1 W
Safety data sheet (SDS)	Oxford MSDS
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Sodium ethoxide, also referred to as sodium ethylate, is the ionic, organic compound with the formula C₂H₅ONa, or NaOEt (Et = ethane). It is a white solid, although impure samples appear yellow or brown. It dissolves in polar solvents such as ethanol. It is commonly used as a strong base.[2]

Preparation

Few procedures have been reported to prepare the anhydrous solid. Instead the material is typically prepared in a solution with ethanol. It is commercially available and as a solution in ethanol. It is easily prepared in the laboratory by treating sodium metal with absolute ethanol:[3]

2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂

The reaction of sodium hydroxide with anhydrous ethanol suffers from incomplete conversion to the alkoxide.

Structure

The crystal structure of sodium ethoxide has been determined by X-ray crystallography. It consists of layers of alternating Na⁺ and O⁻ centres with disordered ethyl groups covering the top and bottom of each layer. The ethyl layers pack back-to-back resulting in a lamellar structure. The reaction of sodium and ethanol sometimes forms other products such as the disolvate NaOEt·2EtOH. Its crystal structure has been determined, although the structure of other phases in the Na/EtOH system remain unknown.[4]


ball-and-stick model of layer stacking in the crystal structure of NaOEt	coordination geometry at Na	coordination geometry at O

Reactions

Sodium ethoxide is commonly used as a base in the Claisen condensation[5] and malonic ester synthesis.[6] Sodium ethoxide may either deprotonate the α-position of an ester molecule, forming an enolate, or the ester molecule may undergo a nucleophilic substitution called transesterification. If the starting material is an ethyl ester, trans-esterification is irrelevant since the product is identical to the starting material. In practice, the alcohol/alkoxide solvating mixture must match the alkoxy components of the reacting esters to minimize the number of different products.

Many alkoxides are prepared by salt metathesis from sodium ethoxide.

Stability

Sodium ethoxide is prone to reaction with both water and carbon dioxide in the air.[7] This leads to degradation of stored samples over time, even in solid form. The physical appearance of degraded samples may not be obvious, but samples of sodium ethoxide gradually turn dark on storage. It has been reported that even newly-obtained commercial batches of sodium ethoxide show variable levels of degradation, and responsible as a major source of irreproducibility when used in Suzuki reactions.[7]

New bottle of sodium ethoxide from Sigma-Aldrich
Freshly opened container of sodium ethoxide showing discoloration caused by degradation when stored over oxygen and carbon dioxide.

In moist air, NaOEt hydrolyses rapidly to sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The conversion is not obvious and typical samples of NaOEt are contaminated with NaOH.

In moisture-free air, solid sodium ethoxide can form sodium ethyl carbonate from fixation of carbon dioxide from the air. Further reactions lead to degradation into a variety of other sodium salts and diethyl ether.[7]

This instability can be prevented by storing sodium ethoxide under an inert (N₂) atmosphere.

Safety

Sodium ethoxide is a strong base, and is therefore corrosive.

References

disassociation constant of ethanol, referenced in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87th edition.
K. Sinclair Whitaker; D. Todd Whitaker (2001). "Sodium Ethoxide". In Charette, André B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rs070. ISBN 978-0-470-84289-8.
C. S. Marvel, E. E. Dreger (1926). "Ethyl Acetopyruvate". Organic Syntheses. 6: 40. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.006.0040.
M. Beske; L. Tapmeyer; M. U. Schmidt (2020). "Crystal structure of sodium ethoxide (C₂H₅ONa), unravelled after 180 years". Chem. Commun. 56 (24): 3520–3523. doi:10.1039/C9CC08907A. PMID 32101200. S2CID 211523921.
Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart (2012). Organic chemistry (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 645. ISBN 978-0-19-927029-3.
Wang, Zerong (15 September 2010). Comprehensive organic name reactions and reagents. John Wiley. pp. 1811–1815. ISBN 978-0-471-70450-8.
Wethman, Robert; Derosa, Joseph; Tran, Van; Kang, Taeho; Apolinar, Omar; Abraham, Anuji; Kleinmans, Roman; Wisniewski, Steven; Coombs, John; Engle, Keary (2020-08-19), An Under-Appreciated Source of Reproducibility Issues in Cross-Coupling: Solid-State Decomposition of Primary Sodium Alkoxides in Air, American Chemical Society (ACS), doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12818234.v1, S2CID 242420220

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[1] sassociation constant of ethanol, referenced in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87th edition.

[2] K. Sinclair Whitaker; D. Todd Whitaker (2001). "Sodium Ethoxide". In Charette, André B. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rs070. ISBN 978-0-470-84289-8.

[OS-3] C. S. Marvel, E. E. Dreger (1926). "Ethyl Acetopyruvate". Organic Syntheses. 6: 40. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.006.0040.

[4] M. Beske; L. Tapmeyer; M. U. Schmidt (2020). "Crystal structure of sodium ethoxide (C₂H₅ONa), unravelled after 180 years". Chem. Commun. 56 (24): 3520–3523. doi:10.1039/C9CC08907A. PMID 32101200. S2CID 211523921.

[Clayden-2012-5] Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart (2012). Organic chemistry (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 645. ISBN 978-0-19-927029-3.

[Wang-2010-6] Wang, Zerong (15 September 2010). Comprehensive organic name reactions and reagents. John Wiley. pp. 1811–1815. ISBN 978-0-471-70450-8.

[Wethman_Derosa_Tran_Kang_p.2-7] Wethman, Robert; Derosa, Joseph; Tran, Van; Kang, Taeho; Apolinar, Omar; Abraham, Anuji; Kleinmans, Roman; Wisniewski, Steven; Coombs, John; Engle, Keary (2020-08-19), An Under-Appreciated Source of Reproducibility Issues in Cross-Coupling: Solid-State Decomposition of Primary Sodium Alkoxides in Air, American Chemical Society (ACS), doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12818234.v1, S2CID 242420220