South American territorial disputes

The South American territorial disputes are the territorial disputes and litigations that have developed in South America since the aftermath of the continent's wars of independence, which have shaped the current political geography of the region. These conflicts have been resolved both through both military and diplomatic means. The most recent conflict in the Americas of this nature was the Cenepa War in 1995, between Ecuador and Peru.[1]

Map featuring major disputes in Latin America.

History

18th century conflicts

  • Guaraní War (1753–1756): Armed conflict involving the Guarani tribes of the Jesuit missions against Spanish and Portuguese troops, as a consequence of the Treaty of Madrid, which defined a demarcation line between Spanish and Portuguese colonial territory in South America. The established boundary was demarcated by the Uruguay River, with Portugal owning the territory to the east of the river and Spain to the west. With this, the seven Jesuit missions east of the Uruguay River, known as the Misiones Orientales, were to be dismantled and moved to the Spanish west side of the river. A combined force of 3,000 Spanish and Portuguese soldiers fought the Guarani in the Battle of Caiboaté. In the end, the Spanish–Portuguese joint army occupied the seven Missions, the Guarani were evacuated to the west of the Uruguay River, the allied army remained in the Missions for ten months, the Portuguese retreated to the Pardo River without being able to agree on the border at the headwaters of the Ibicuí River and without handing over Colonia del Sacramento to Spain.[2][3][4][5]

19th century conflicts

20th century conflicts

  • Chaco War (1932–1935): Armed conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia over the control of the Chaco Boreal. It was the largest-scale contemporary war that took place in South America, mobilizing nearly half a million men, it is also the first on the continent in which conventional weapons such as tanks, machine guns and tactics such as trench warfare are used. The first air battle fought in Latin American skies took place in this conflict.[14]
  • Colombia–Peru War (1932–1933): Armed conflict between Colombia and Peru that took place in the regions near the Putumayo River and the city of Leticia, for the sovereignty of this area of the Amazon basin rich in rubber trees. The war ended with the ratification of the Salomón-Lozano Treaty of 1922.[15]
  • Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1941): Border war fought between July 5–31, 1941. During the war, Peru occupied the western Ecuadorian province of El Oro and parts of the Andean province of Loja. Although the war took place during World War II, it is unrelated to that conflict, as neither country was supported by either the Allies or the Axis.
  • Beagle conflict (1978): Territorial dispute between Argentina and Chile over the determination of the layout of the eastern mouth of the Beagle Channel, which affected the sovereignty of the islands located within and to the south of the channel, and to the east of Cape Horn and its adjacent maritime spaces.
  • Paquisha War (1981): Military clash that took place between January and February 1981 between Ecuador and Peru over the control of three watchposts. While Peru felt that the matter was already decided in the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War of 1941, Ecuador claimed that the Rio de Janeiro Protocol was not executable because a 78 km section of the border was not precisely defined.[16]
  • Falklands War (1982): Armed conflict between Argentina and the United Kingdom that occurred in the Falklands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands for sovereignty over these southern archipelagos. Argentine forces first occupied the islands on April 2, 1982, and the United Kingdom took control of all the archipelagos by June 14 of the same year.[17]
  • Cenepa War (1995): Brief and localized military conflict between Ecuador and Peru, fought over control of an area in the Cordillera del Cóndor, near the border between the two countries. The conflict is the most recent of its nature.[1]

See also

References

  1. Domínguez, Jorge I. (2003). Boundary Disputes in Latin America. Peaceworks.
  2. Golin, Tau (2012). Cartografia da Guerra Guaranítica (in Spanish). Dialnet.
  3. Ganson, Barbara Anne (2003). The Guarani Under Spanish Rule in the Rio de la Plata. Journal of Anthropological Research.
  4. Burson, Jeffrey D.; Wright, Jonathan (2015). The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences. Georgia Southern University.
  5. Brasil, Ptolomeu de Assis (1938). Batalha de Caiboaté: episódio culminante da Guerra das Missões (in Portuguese). Porto Alegre: Ed. Globo.
  6. Wiederspahn, Henrique Oscar (1956). Das guerras Cisplatinas às guerras contra Rózas e contra o Paraguai. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. Carneiro, David (1946). História da Guerra Cisplatina (in Portuguese). Companhia Editora Nacional.
  8. "EL PERÍODO DE LA DETERMINACIÓN DE LA NACIONALIDAD: 1820 A 1842". National Library of Peru. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  9. "Chile Confederation War, 1836-391 - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". Photius.
  10. Scheina, Robert (2003). "The Peru Bolivian Confederation". Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791-1899. Vol. 1. Brassey's, Incorporated. ISBN 1574884506.
  11. "20 de noviembre de 1845 - La Vuelta de Obligado". El Historiador. Archived from the original on 2015-04-20.
  12. Cancian, Renato. "Guerra do Paraguai - Tríplice Aliança entre Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai". UOL.
  13. Gasparetto Junior, Antonio. "Revolução Acreana". InfoEscola.
  14. Abente, Diego (1988). "Constraints and Opportunities: Prospects for Democratization in Paraguay". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 30 (1): 73–104. doi:10.2307/165790. JSTOR 165790.
  15. "FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DIPLOMATIC PAPERS, 1934, THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS, VOLUME IV". Office of the Historian.
  16. "Protocol of Rio de Janeiro". Britannica. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  17. Jenkins, Simon (2013-04-09). "How Margaret Thatcher's Falklands gamble paid off". The Guardian.
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