Southern Court

The Southern Court (南朝, Nanchō) were a set of four emperors (Emperor Go-Daigo and his line) whose claims to sovereignty during the Nanboku-chō period spanning from 1336 through 1392 were usurped by the Northern Court. This period ended with the Southern Court definitively losing the war, and they were forced to completely submit sovereignty to the Northern Court. This had the result that, while later Japanese sovereigns were descended from the Northern Court, posterity assigns sole legitimacy during this period to the Southern Court.

Southern Court
南朝
Nanchō
1338–1392
CapitalYoshino, Yoshino Province
Common languagesLate Middle Japanese
Religion
Shinbutsu shūgō
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Emperor 
• 1336–1339
Go-Daigo
• 1339–1368
Go-Murakami
• 1368–1383
Chōkei
• 1383–1392
Go-Kameyama
History 
• Fall of Kyoto
February 23 1338
• Re-unification of Imperial courts
August 11 1392
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Kenmu Restoration
Imperial House of Japan
Later Southern Court
Ashikaga shogunate

The Southern descendants are also known as the "junior line" and the Daikakuji line (大覚寺統, Daikakuji-tō), Daikaku-ji being the cloistered home of Go-Uda, a Southern ruler.[1] Because it was based in Yoshino, Nara, it is also called the Yoshino court (吉野朝廷, Yoshino chōtei).[2]

Nanboku-chō overview
The Imperial seats during the Nanboku-chō period were in relatively close proximity, but geographically distinct. They were conventionally identified as:

The genesis of the Northern Court go back to Emperor Go-Saga, who reigned from 1242 through 1246.[3] Go-Saga was succeeded by two of his sons, Emperor Go-Fukakusa[4] and Emperor Kameyama, who took turns on the throne.[5] This was because on his death bed in 1272, Go-Saga had insisted that his sons adopt a plan in which future emperors from the two fraternal lines would ascend the throne in alternating succession.[6] This plan proved to be unworkable, resulting in rival factions and rival claimants to the throne.

Northern Court

In 1333, when the Southern Emperor Go-Daigo staged the Kenmu Restoration and revolted against the Kamakura shogunate, the shōgun responded by declaring Emperor Kōgon, Go-Daigo's second cousin once removed and the son of an earlier emperor, Emperor Go-Fushimi of the Jimyōin-tō, as the new emperor. After the destruction of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333, Kōgon lost his claim, but his brother, Emperor Kōmyō, and two of his sons were supported by the new Ashikaga shōguns as the rightful claimants to the throne. Kōgon's family thus formed an alternate Imperial Court in Kyoto, which came to be called the Northern Court because its seat was in a location north of its rival.

During the Meiji period, an Imperial decree dated April 3, 1911 established that the legitimate reigning monarchs of this period were the direct descendants of Emperor Go-Daigo through Emperor Go-Murakami, whose Southern Court had been established in exile in Yoshino, near Nara.[7]

The Northern Court established in Kyoto by Ashikaga Takauji is therefore considered illegitimate.[7]

Northern Pretenders

These are the Hokuchō or Northern Court emperors:

The Imperial Court supported by the Ashikaga shōguns was rivaled by the Southern Court of Go-Daigo and his descendants. This came to be called the Southern Court because its seat was in a location south of its rival. Although the precise location of the emperors' seat did change, it was often identified as simply Yoshino.

In 1392, Emperor Go-Kameyama of the Southern Court was defeated and abdicated in favor of Kōgon's great-grandson, Emperor Go-Komatsu, thus ending the divide. But the Northern Court was under the power of the Ashikaga shōguns and had little real independence. Partly because of this, since the 19th century, the Emperors of the Southern Imperial Court have been considered the legitimate Emperors of Japan. Moreover, the Southern Court controlled the Japanese imperial regalia. The Northern Court members are officially called pretenders.

One Southern Court descendant, Kumazawa Hiromichi, declared himself to be Japan's rightful Emperor in the days after the end of the Pacific War in World War II. He claimed that Emperor Hirohito was a fraud, arguing that Hirohito's entire line is descended from the Northern Court. Despite this, he was not arrested for lèse-majesté, even when donning the Imperial Crest. He could and did produce a koseki detailing his bloodline back to Go-Daigo in Yoshino, but his claims and rhetoric failed to inspire anything other than sympathy.[14]

Southern Court emperors

These are the Nanchō or Southern Court emperors:

Re-unification Agreement

Go-Kameyama reached an agreement with Go-Komatsu to return to the old alternations on a ten-year plan. However, Go-Komatsu broke this promise, not only ruling for 20 years, but being succeeded by his own son, rather than by one from the former Southern Court.

Notes
  1. Kanai, Madoka; Nitta, Hideharu; Yamagiwa, Joseph Koshimi (1966). A Topical History of Japan. UM Libraries. p. 42. UOM:39015005373116.
  2. Brownlee, John S. (2011). Japanese Historians and the National Myths. UBC Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7748-4254-9. [A 1911 Japanese textbook reads: 'After 1336,] the Yoshino Court was called the Southern Court, and the Kyoto Court was called the Northern Court.'
  3. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 245-247.
  4. Titsingh, pp. 248-255.
  5. Titsingh, pp. 255-261.
  6. Titsingh, p. 261.
  7. Thomas, Julia Adeney. (2001). Reconfiguring modernity: concepts of nature in Japanese political ideology, p. 199 n57, citing Mehl, Margaret. (1997). History and the State in Nineteenth-Century Japan. p. 140-147.
  8. Titsingh, pp. 286–289.
  9. Titsingh, pp. 294–298.
  10. Titsingh, pp. 298–301.
  11. Titsingh, pp. 302–309.
  12. Titsingh, pp. 310–316, 320.
  13. Titsingh, pp. 317–327.
  14. Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, pp. 306–307.
  15. Titsingh, pp. 281–295; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 241–269.
  16. Titsingh, pp. 295–308; Varley, pp. 269–270.
  17. Titsingh, p. 308; Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 158.
  18. Titsingh, p. 320.

References

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