Spacing Modifier Letters

Spacing Modifier Letters is a Unicode block containing characters for the IPA, UPA, and other phonetic transcriptions. Included are the IPA tone marks, and modifiers for aspiration and palatalization. The word spacing indicates that these characters occupy their own horizontal space within a line of text. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was simply Modifier Letters.[3]

Not to be confused with Combining character, which modifies other characters, e.g. by adding diacritical marks.
Spacing Modifier Letters
RangeU+02B0..U+02FF
(80 code points)
PlaneBMP
ScriptsBopomofo (2 char.)
Latin (14 char.)
Common (64 char.)
Major alphabetsIPA
Assigned80 code points
Unused0 reserved code points
Unicode version history
1.0.0 (1991)57 (+57)
3.0 (1999)63 (+6)
4.0 (2003)80 (+17)
Unicode documentation
Code chart ∣ Web page
Note: [1][2]

Character table
Code Glyph (with guide) Decimal Description
Latin superscript modifier letters
U+02B0 ◌ʰ ʰ Modifier Letter Small H
U+02B1 ◌ʱ ʱ Modifier Letter Small H with hook
U+02B2 ◌ʲ ʲ Modifier Letter Small J
U+02B3 ◌ʳ ʳ Modifier Letter Small R
U+02B4 ◌ʴ ʴ Modifier Letter Small Turned R
U+02B5 ◌ʵ ʵ Modifier Letter Small Turned R with hook
U+02B6 ◌ʶ ʶ Modifier Letter Small Capital Inverted R
U+02B7 ◌ʷ ʷ Modifier Letter Small W
U+02B8 ◌ʸ ʸ Modifier Letter Small Y
Miscellaneous phonetic modifiers
U+02B9 ◌ʹ ʹ Modifier Letter Prime
U+02BA ◌ʺ ʺ Modifier Letter Double Prime
U+02BB ◌ʻ ʻ Modifier Letter Turned Comma
U+02BC ◌ʼ ʼ Modifier Letter Apostrophe
U+02BD ◌ʽ ʽ Modifier Letter Reversed Comma
U+02BE ◌ʾ ʾ Modifier Letter Right Half Ring
U+02BF ◌ʿ ʿ Modifier Letter Left Half Ring
U+02C0 ◌ˀ ˀ Modifier Letter Glottal Stop
U+02C1 ◌ˁ ˁ Modifier Letter Reversed Glottal Stop
U+02C2 ◌˂ ˂ Modifier Letter Left Arrowhead
U+02C3 ◌˃ ˃ Modifier Letter Right Arrowhead
U+02C4 ◌˄ ˄ Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead
U+02C5 ◌˅ ˅ Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead
U+02C6 ◌ˆ ˆ Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent
U+02C7 ◌ˇ ˇ Caron
U+02C8 ◌ˈ ˈ Modifier Letter Vertical Line
U+02C9 ◌ˉ ˉ Modifier Letter Macron
U+02CA ◌ˊ ˊ Modifier Letter Acute Accent
U+02CB ◌ˋ ˋ Modifier Letter Grave Accent
U+02CC ◌ˌ ˌ Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line
U+02CD ◌ˍ ˍ Modifier Letter Low Macron
U+02CE ◌ˎ ˎ Modifier Letter Low Grave Accent
U+02CF ◌ˏ ˏ Modifier Letter Low Acute Accent
U+02D0 ◌ː ː Modifier Letter Triangular Colon
U+02D1 ◌ˑ ˑ Modifier Letter Half Triangular Colon
U+02D2 ◌˒ ˒ Modifier Letter Centered Right Half Ring
U+02D3 ◌˓ ˓ Modifier Letter Centered Left Half Ring
U+02D4 ◌˔ ˔ Modifier Letter Up Tack
U+02D5 ◌˕ ˕ Modifier Letter Down Tack
U+02D6 ◌˖ ˖ Modifier Letter Plus Sign
U+02D7 ◌˗ ˗ Modifier Letter Minus Sign
Spacing clones of diacritics
U+02D8 ◌˘ ˘ Breve
U+02D9 ◌˙ ˙ Dot Above
U+02DA ◌˚ ˚ Ring Above
U+02DB ◌˛ ˛ Ogonek
U+02DC ◌˜ ˜ Small Tilde
U+02DD ◌˝ ˝ Double Acute Accent
Additions based on 1989 IPA
U+02DE ◌˞ ˞ Modifier Letter Rhotic Hook
U+02DF ◌˟ ˟ Modifier Letter Cross Accent
U+02E0 ◌ˠ ˠ Modifier Letter Small Gamma
U+02E1 ◌ˡ ˡ Modifier Letter Small L
U+02E2 ◌ˢ ˢ Modifier Letter Small S
U+02E3 ◌ˣ ˣ Modifier Letter Small X
U+02E4 ◌ˤ ˤ Modifier Letter Small Reversed Glottal Stop
Tone letters
U+02E5 ◌˥ ˥ Modifier Letter Extra-High Tone Bar
U+02E6 ◌˦ ˦ Modifier Letter High Tone Bar
U+02E7 ◌˧ ˧ Modifier Letter Mid Tone Bar
U+02E8 ◌˨ ˨ Modifier Letter Low Tone Bar
U+02E9 ◌˩ ˩ Modifier Letter Extra-Low Tone Bar
Extended Bopomofo tone marks
U+02EA ◌˪ ˪ Extended Bopomofo Yin Departing (for Minnan and Hakka languages)
U+02EB ◌˫ ˫ Extended Bopomofo Yang Departing (for Minnan and Hakka languages)
IPA modifiers
U+02EC ◌ˬ ˬ Modifier Letter Voicing
U+02ED ◌˭ ˭ Modifier Letter Unaspirated
Other modifier letter
U+02EE ◌ˮ ˮ Modifier Letter Double Apostrophe
UPA modifiers
U+02EF ◌˯ ˯ Modifier Letter Low Down Arrowhead
U+02F0 ◌˰ ˰ Modifier Letter Low Up Arrowhead
U+02F1 ◌˱ ˱ Modifier Letter Low Left Arrowhead
U+02F2 ◌˲ ˲ Modifier Letter Low Right Arrowhead
U+02F3 ◌˳ ˳ Modifier Letter Low Ring
U+02F4 ◌˴ ˴ Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent
U+02F5 ◌˵ ˵ Modifier Letter Middle Double Grave Accent
U+02F6 ◌˶ ˶ Modifier Letter Middle Double Acute Accent
U+02F7 ◌˷ ˷ Modifier Letter Low Tilde
U+02F8 ◌˸ ˸ Modifier Letter Raised Colon
U+02F9 ◌˹ ˹ Modifier Letter Begin High Tone
U+02FA ◌˺ ˺ Modifier Letter End High Tone
U+02FB ◌˻ ˻ Modifier Letter Begin Low Tone
U+02FC ◌˼ ˼ Modifier Letter End Low Tone
U+02FD ◌˽ ˽ Modifier Letter Shelf
U+02FE ◌˾ ˾ Modifier Letter Open Shelf
U+02FF ◌˿ ˿ Modifier Letter Low Left Arrow
Code Glyph Decimal Description

Compact table
Spacing Modifier Letters[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+02Bx ʰ ʱ ʲ ʳ ʴ ʵ ʶ ʷ ʸ ʹ ʺ ʻ ʼ ʽ ʾ ʿ
U+02Cx ˀ ˁ ˂ ˃ ˄ ˅ ˆ ˇ ˈ ˉ ˊ ˋ ˌ ˍ ˎ ˏ
U+02Dx ː ˑ ˒ ˓ ˔ ˕ ˖ ˗ ˘ ˙ ˚ ˛ ˜ ˝ ˞ ˟
U+02Ex ˠ ˡ ˢ ˣ ˤ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ˪ ˫ ˬ ˭ ˮ ˯
U+02Fx ˰ ˱ ˲ ˳ ˴ ˵ ˶ ˷ ˸ ˹ ˺ ˻ ˼ ˽ ˾ ˿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1

History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Spacing Modifier Letters block:

See also

References
  1. "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  2. "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  3. "3.8: Block-by-Block Charts" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. version 1.0. Unicode Consortium.
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