Speeds of sound of the elements

The speed of sound in any chemical element in the fluid phase has one temperature-dependent value. In the solid phase, different types of sound wave may be propagated, each with its own speed: among these types of wave are longitudinal (as in fluids), transversal, and (along a surface or plate) extensional.[1]

Speed of sound, solid phase

longitudinal, m/stransversal, m/sextensional, m/snotes
3 Li lithium
use600020 °C
WEL6000
4 Be beryllium
use12890888012870room temperature
CRC12890888012870
WEL13000
5 B boron
use1620020 °C
WEL16200
6 C carbon
use
WEL18350
11 Na sodium
use320020 °C
WEL3200
12 Mg magnesium
use577030504940room temperature, annealed
CRC577030504940annealed
WEL4602
13 Al aluminium
use642030405000room temperature, rolled
CRC642030405000rolled
WEL5100
14 Si silicon
use84335843
Cij84335843from C11=165.64 GPa, C44=79.51 GPa, ro1=2.329 g/cm3[2]
WEL220020 °C - note: probably wrong (see talk)
19 K potassium
use200020 °C
WEL2000
20 Ca calcium
use381020 °C
WEL3810
22 Ti titanium
use607031255090room temperature
CRC607031255090
WEL4140
23 V vanadium
use456020 °C
WEL4560
24 Cr chromium
use66084005594020 °C
WEL5940
25 Mn manganese
use515020 °C
WEL5150
26 Fe iron
use595032405120room temperature, electrolytic
CRC499428094480cast
CRC595032405120electrolytic
CRC596032405200Armco
WEL4910
27 Co cobalt
use472020 °C
WEL4720
28 Ni nickel
use604030004900room temperature
CRC604030004900
WEL4970
29 Cu copper
use476023253810room temperature, annealed
CRC476023253810annealed
CRC501022703750rolled
WEL3570
30 Zn zinc
use421024403850room temperature, rolled
CRC421024403850rolled
WEL3700
31 Ga gallium
use274020 °C
WEL2740
32 Ge germanium
use540020 °C
WEL5400
34 Se selenium
use335020 °C
WEL3350
37 Rb rubidium
use130020 °C
WEL1300
39 Y yttrium
use330020 °C
WEL3300
40 Zr zirconium
use380020 °C
WEL3800
41 Nb niobium
use348020 °C
WEL3480
42 Mo molybdenum
use625033505400room temperature
CRC625033505400
WEL6190
44 Ru ruthenium
use597020 °C
WEL5970
45 Rh rhodium
use470020 °C
WEL4700
46 Pd palladium
use307020 °C
WEL3070
47 Ag silver
use365016102680room temperature
CRC365016102680
WEL2600
48 Cd cadmium
use231020 °C
WEL2310
49 In indium
use121520 °C
WEL1215
50 Sn tin
use332016702730room temperature, rolled
CRC332016702730rolled
WEL2500
51 Sb antimony
use342020 °C
WEL3420
52 Te tellurium
use261020 °C
WEL2610
56 Ba barium
use162020 °C
WEL1620
57 La lanthanum
use247520 °C
WEL2475
58 Ce cerium
use210020 °C
WEL2100
59 Pr praseodymium
use228020 °C
WEL2280
60 Nd neodymium
use233020 °C
WEL2330
62 Sm samarium
use213020 °C
WEL2130
64 Gd gadolinium
use268020 °C
WEL2680
65 Tb terbium
use262020 °C
WEL2620
66 Dy dysprosium
use271020 °C
WEL2710
67 Ho holmium
use276020 °C
WEL2760
68 Er erbium
use283020 °C
WEL2830
70 Yb ytterbium
use159020 °C
WEL1590
72 Hf hafnium
use301020 °C
WEL3010
73 Ta tantalum
use340020 °C
WEL3400
74 W tungsten
use522028904620room temperature, annealed
CRC522028904620annealed
CRC541026404320drawn
WEL5174
75 Re rhenium
use470020 °C
WEL4700
76 Os osmium
use494020 °C
WEL4940
77 Ir iridium
use482520 °C
WEL4825
78 Pt platinum
use383016802800room temperature. Calculated using Wikipedia reported values for density (21450 kg/m3), Young's Modulus (167 GPa), and Poisson's ratio (0.38)
CRC326017302800CRC cites American Institute of Physics Handbook (AIPH) table 3f-2 for this value, but in AIPH table 2f-6 there are elastic constants reported that yield 3700,1570, 2620
WEL2680
AIPH370015702620Table 2f-6. Calculated from Young's modulus of 147 GPa (lower than commonly accepted for Platinum), Poisson's ratio of 0.39, density of 21370 kg/m3
79 Au gold
use324012002030room temperature, hard-drawn
CRC324012002030hard-drawn
WEL1740
81 Tl thallium
use81820 °C
WEL818
82 Pb lead
use21607001190room temperature, annealed
CRC21607001190annealed
CRC19606901210rolled
WEL1260
83 Bi bismuth
use179020 °C
WEL1790
90 Th thorium
use249020 °C
WEL2490
92 U uranium
use315520 °C
WEL3155
94 Pu plutonium
use226020 °C
WEL2260

Speed of sound, fluid phases

m/snotes
1 H hydrogen (gas)
use131027 °C
CRC131027 °C
WEL1270
Zuckerwar127020 °C, 1 atm
CRC890deuterium, 0 °C
1 H hydrogen (liquid)
use1101−252.9 °C
CRC1101−252.9 °C
2 He helium (gas)
use9650 °C
CRC9650 °C
Zuckerwar100720 °C, 1 atm
WEL970
2 He helium (liquid)
use180−268.9 °C
CRC180−268.9 °C
7 N nitrogen (gas)
use35327 °C
CRC35327 °C
Zuckerwar34920 °C, 1 atm
WEL333.6
7 N nitrogen (liquid)
use939−195.8 °C
CRC939−195.8 °C
8 O oxygen (gas)
use33027 °C
CRC33027 °C
Zuckerwar32620 °C, 1 atm
WEL317.5
8 O oxygen (liquid)
use906−183.0 °C
CRC906−183.0 °C
10 Ne neon (gas)
use4350 °C
CRC4350 °C
WEL936 (presumably for liquid?)
17 Cl chlorine (gas)
use2060 °C
CRC2060 °C
WEL206
18 Ar argon (gas)
use32327 °C
CRC32327 °C
Zuckerwar31920 °C, 1 atm
WEL319
18 Ar argon (liquid)
use813−185.9 °C
CRC813−185.9 °C
36 Kr krypton (gas)
use22120 °C
Zuckerwar22120 °C, 1 atm
talk220 ± 1, prelim. experimental value23 °C, 101.3 kPa
36 Kr krypton (liquid)
use1120
88RAB1120
WEL1120
54 Xe xenon (gas)
use17820 °C, 1 atm
Zuckerwar17820 °C, 1 atm
54 Xe xenon (liquid)
use1090
88RAB1090
WEL1090
80 Hg mercury (liquid)
use1451.420 °C
CR21460.80 °C
CR21451.420 °C
CRC145025 °C
WEL1407

See also

Notes

  • Ref. CRC: Values are "at room temperature" unless noted, and "for normal atmospheric pressure" ("at 1 atm" for gases).
  • Ref. WEL: Values refer to 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F) "where possible". Midpoint values are substituted if ranges were given in their original reference. Not specified further, it is assumed from the values that all (except fluids) are for the speed of sound in a thin rod.

References

  1. "Modes of Sound Wave Propagation". NDT Resource Center. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  2. Hopcroft, Matthew A.; Nix, William D.; Kenny, Thomas W. (2010). "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?" (PDF). Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 19 (2): 229–238. doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2039697. S2CID 2545990.

Sources

WEL

As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from this source:

  • G.V. Samsonov (Ed.) in Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements, IFI-Plenum, New York, USA, 1968.

CRC

As quoted from various sources in an online version of:

  • David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Speed of Sound in Various Media

CR2

As quoted from this source in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Thermal Properties of Mercury

  • Vukalovich, M. P., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Moscow Standard Press, 1971.

APIH

Dwight E. Gray (ed), American Institute of Physics Handbook. McGraw-Hill. Boca Raton, Florida, New York, 1957.

Other

  • 88RAB: V.A. Rabinovich, et al. Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon. Selover (Eng. ed.) Hemisphere, Washington DC, 1988.
  • Zuckerwar: A. J. Zuckerwar, Handbook of the Speed of Sound in Real Gases. Academic Press, 2002.
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