Fundulus dispar

The Starhead topminnow (Fundulus dispar) is a native United States species that ranges from the Ouachita River drainage in Louisiana, the Big Black river in Mississippi, and extends northward into the Mississippi River and Lake Michigan basins to the southern Michigan and southern Wisconsin areas.[1] The Starhead topminnow is endangered due to the removal of aquatic vegetation and the continued development of land that infringes on its habitat.[3]

Fundulus dispar
Illustration of "Fundulus dispar"
Illustration of Fundulus dispar
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cyprinodontiformes
Family: Fundulidae
Genus: Fundulus
Species:
F. dispar
Binomial name
Fundulus dispar
(Agassiz, 1854)
Synonyms[2]

Zygonectes dispar Agassiz, 1854

Etymology

The name Fundulus dispar comes from the Latin fundus meaning bottom with -ulus as a diminutive suffix and dispar meaning unlike, dissimilar, different, or unequal.

Description

The Starhead topminnow can be identified by its light olive tan back and upper sides with the lower sides and belly lighter to yellowish in color. It has a series of red to brown lines along its sides, 6 to 8 on females and 3 to 13 on males. There is a prominent dark blotch of color (similar to a teardrop) beneath its eye. The dorsal fin is located far down the posterior end on the back. Adult length can be 1.8-2.2 inches (47-55mm)[4] There are 16 to 20, usually 18 to 20, scales around the caudal peduncle.[5]

Ecology

Habitat

Starhead topminnow is a freshwater fish will live in glacial lakes and clear, well-vegetated floodplain lakes, swamps and marshes. It prefers quiet areas with plenty of submerged vegetation for it to live and hide in.[4] Spawning of these fish also occur in beds of aquatic vegetation.[1] Spawning occurs from June through July.[4]

Geographic Distribution

Starhead topminnow is present in the central Mississippi River drainage from the Ouachita River drainage in Louisiana, north to the Wisconsin River drainage, and east to the headwaters of the Kankakee River drainage in Indiana.[3]

The population of Starhead topminnow in Illinois has been found to be sporadic . There are records of the Starhead Topminnow from the Fox River Chain of Lakes, Pecatonica, Kankakee, central and lower Illinois, and lower Wabash river drainages, as well as the LaRue-Pine Hills Ecological Area.[3]

Diet

The Starhead feeds on terrestrial and aquatic insects, crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic vegetation.[4]

Reproduction

Mating season for the Starhead topminnow is approximately from June to August. During mating season, the largest recorded number of eggs laid by a single female is 33. Starhead topminnows have been found to not reproduce if the water temperature is below 18.4 degrees Celsius (65.3 degrees Fahrenheit) or above 29 degrees Celsius (84.2 degrees Fahrenheit). [6]

Starhead topminnows have been found to prefer to lay their eggs among vegetation or on the floor of the environment. After spawning against a substrate, among vegetation, an egg is produced, which is abandoned by both of the parents. [6]

Eggs are spherical and translucent at less than 24 hours post-fertilization. The average size is about 1.9mm in diameter. Eggs incubated at about 25 degrees Celsius hatch in about 9-11 days.[6]

Management

Because the Starhead topminnow spawns in aquatic vegetation, the removal of aquatic vegetation in the Fox River Chain of Lakes has had a negative impact on the topminnow population. Continuation of this trend is likely to result in continued declines in population size and distribution. It is theorized that continued residential development along shorelines in the Kankakee River area have contributed to a decline in population for the area.[3]

Wisconsin

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has classified the Starhead topminnow as endangered with the state rank of S2. S2 species are qualified as: imperiled due to a restricted range, few populations or occurrences, steep declines, severe threats, or other threats.[7]

The Wisconsin DNR has also assigned Starhead topminnow with a global rank of G4. G4 species are qualified as being apparently secure, but with possible cause for some concern as a result of local recent declines, threats, or other declines.[7]

Illinois

The Illinois Department of Natural Resources lists Starhead topminnow as threatened.[8]

References
  1. NatureServe (2013). "Fundulus dispar". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T202382A18235546. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202382A18235546.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Fundulus dispar" in FishBase. April 2019 version.
  3. Taylor, Christopher (1994). "Status and Distribution of Three Rare Illinois Fishes: Blacktail Shiner (Cyprinella venusta), Northern Starhead topminnow (Fundulus dispar), and Cypress Darter (Etheostoma proeliare)" (PDF). Illinois Natural History Survey. 87, 1 and 2: 71–82.
  4. "Starhead Topminnow (Fundulus dispar)".
  5. Page, Lawrence M., and Brooks M. Burr. A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes: North America North of Mexico. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991. 222. Print.
  6. Taylor, Christopher (1997). "Reproductive Biology of the Northern Starhead Topminnow, Fundulus dispar (Osteichthyes: Fundulidae), with a Review of Data for Freshwater Members of the Genus". The American Midland Naturalist. 137 (1): 151–164. doi:10.2307/2426764. JSTOR 2426764 – via JSTOR.
  7. "Starhead Topminnow (Fundulus dispar)". dnr.wi.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  8. "Education". www2.illinois.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
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