Steller's sea ape
Steller's sea ape is a purported marine mammal, observed by German zoologist Georg Steller on August 10, 1741, around the Shumagin Islands in Alaska. The animal was described as being around 1.5 m (5 feet) long; with a dog-like head; long drooping whiskers; an elongated but robust body; thick fur coat; no limbs; and tail fins much like a shark. He described the creature as being playful and inquisitive like a monkey. After observing it for two hours, he attempted to shoot and collect the creature, but missed, and the creature swam away.
| Grouping | Mammalian |
|---|---|
| First attested | 1741 |
| Country | United States |
| Region | Aleutian Islands, Alaska |
| Details | Lives in oceans |
There have been four attempts to scientifically classify the creature, described as Simia marina, Siren cynocephala, Trichechus hydropithecus, and Manatus simia. Most likely, Steller simply misidentified a northern fur seal.
Accounts
Observations
German zoologist Georg Steller, aboard the ship St. Peter on Vitus Bering's Great Northern Expedition (1733–1743), described several new species during the voyage. At around sunset on August 10, 1741, near Shumagin Islands, Alaska, Steller reported a strange and unidentifiable creature floating near the ship.[1]
The creature purportedly stared at the ship for two hours, according to Steller, seemingly out of admiration. It got so close to the ship that it could have been poked by a pole, but would swim farther out whenever the crew attempted to approach. He said it raised a third of its body out of the water, maintaining a human-like posture, for several minutes. After a half hour, the creature dove under the water and swam underneath the ship to the other side, and did this repeatedly about 30 times.[1]
Steller stated that, when a large seaweed stalk about 5.5–7.5 m (3–4 fathoms; 18–24 feet) long floated by, the creature quickly swam towards it and grabbed it with its mouth. The creature then swam closer to the ship and, purportedly, did juggling tricks with it like a trained monkey, though eating pieces of it now and again.[1] Steller's description of it as a sea-monkey probably stemmed more from such behavior rather than actual resemblance to a monkey.[2]
Steller attempted to collect the animal, so he took a gun and fired at it, but missed. He reported that the creature disappeared for a moment, but quickly came back, frightened, and once again gradually neared the ship. Steller fired at it again, but missed or only wounded the creature, which swam away. It was not seen again.[1]
Description
Steller reported the creature as being two ells (1.8 m) long, the combined length of the forearm and extended hand. It purportedly had a dog-like head, with pointed and erect ears, large eyes, and whiskers on the upper and lower lips resembling a Fu Manchu mustache.[1]
He described the body as being long and fat, and thinning towards the tail. He said the creature had a thick fur coat, which was gray on the back and reddish-white on the belly. He did not see any forelimbs or pectoral fins. The tail apparently had two fins, the upper fin double the size of the lower fin, much like a shark.[1]
Other accounts
In June 1965, on his ketch (Tzu Hang), a sailor Miles Smeeton, his daughter Clio and his friend Henry Combe purportedly saw a similar creature on the northern coast of Atka Island. They reported the creature as being about 1.5 m (5 feet) long, and having 10–13-centimeter (4–5-inch) reddish-yellow fur, and a face resembling that of the dog breed shih-tzu. Mr. Smeeton details this 10–15 second encounter in his book Misty Island, noting Steller's observations closely matched his own.[3]
Research history
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All Steller's writings regarding his expedition were published posthumously, but most of his writings were lost. His account of the creature was detailed in his diary, published in two installments by Prussian zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1781 and 1793.[1] He also made a small note in his most famous book De Bestiis Marinus, calling it an "imperfect account" for lack of a specimen:
I describe the traces of a certain unknown animal upon the island of Shumagin, and I insert a sketch of a sea ape, and with this imperfect account I must content myself and others.[4]
Steller assigned this creature to "Simia marina" – which was illustrated in Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner's book Historia animalium – based on its resemblance, strange behavior, rapid movements, and playfulness.[1] However, the man who first reported "S. marina", Italian biologist Gerolamo Cardano, said it was likely a snake, and Gessner said that it had a covering more like a turtle, and the creature was reportedly green and hairless overall.[5][6] At least five years had passed since Steller last saw or read a description of Gessner's sea ape to when he had described his account.[1]
In 1792, German naturalist Johann Julius Walbaum scientifically described Steller's sea ape as Siren cynocephala.[7] In 1800, on recommendation by Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant, English zoologist George Shaw classified it as a manatee as Trichechus hydropithecus.[8] In 1815, German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger also described it as a manatee as Manatus simia,[9] but this work in particular was later called a "worthless conglomeration" of sirenian and cetacean species by American mammalogist Joel Asaph Allen in 1882, with new species listed for seemingly no reason without description or justification.[10]
In 1805, German naturalist Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau noticed that Steller's sea ape very closely resembled the northern fur seal.[11] Similarly, in 1936, Norwegian zoologist Leonhard Stejneger said Steller likely observed a bachelor fur seal, as fur seals in a playful mood have been known to exhibit the observed behaviors, and swim with their fore-flipper tucked in, which may have given the impression of completely lacking forelimbs in a low light setting. Also, Steller had made his account before he had ever encountered a fur seal.[2]
See also
References
- Steller, G. W. (1993). Frost, O. (ed.). Journal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741–1742. Translated by Engel, M. Stanford University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-8047-2181-3.
- Stejneger, L. H. (1936). Georg Wilhelm Steller, the pioneer of Alaskan natural history. Harvard University Press. pp. 278–281.
- Smeeton, M. (1969). The Misty Islands. Grafton. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-246-13489-9.
- Steller, G. W. (1899) [1751]. "On the Beasts of the Sea". In Jones, D. S. (ed.). The Fur Seals and Fur-Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean. Translated by Miller, W.; Miller, J. E. Stanford University Press. p. 181.
- Gessner, C. (1604). Historia animalium [History of the animals] (in Latin). In Bibliopolio Andreae Cambieri. pp. 877–878.
- Hendrikx, S. (2018). "Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516–1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters". Anthropozoologica. 53 (11): 136. doi:10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a11. hdl:1887/67726. S2CID 54212091.
- Walbaum, J. J. (1792). Petri Artedi Sueci Genera piscium [Swede Peter Artedi's fish genera]. Ichthyologiae (in Latin). Grypeswaldiæ. p. 560.
- Shaw, G. (1800). General zoology, or Systematic natural history. Vol. 1. Thomas Davison, White-Friars. pp. 247–248.
- Illiger, J. K. W. (1815). "Ueberblick der Säugthiere nach ihrer Vertheilung über die Weltlheile" [Overview of Mammals and their Distribution over the World]. Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (in German): 53.
- Allen, J. A. (1882). Preliminary List of Works and Papers Relating to the Mammalian Orders Cete and Sirenia. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. p. 499.
- Tilesius, W. G. (1835). Oken, Lorenz (ed.). "Die Wallfische" [The Whales]. Isis: Encyclopädische Zeitschrift, vorzüglich für Naturgeschichte, vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie (in German). Jena: Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. 28: 715.