Sthenopis pretiosus

Sthenopis pretiosus was independently discovered, named and described at least three times:

1. It was first found in Brasil and described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1856 who called it Epialus pretiosus.[4] The type specimen of E. pretiosus has not been located.[2]
2. It was also found in the north-eastern United States and south-eastern Canada and described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1878, who called it Hepialus auratus which become Sthenopis auratus.
3. It was also found in Venezuela and described by Rudolf Pfitzner in 1906,[5] who called it Phassus eldorado. Later Pfitzner published an illustration of Phassus eldorado.[6] The holotype of P. eldorado is at the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main.[2]

In 2015, Carlos G. C. Mielke and John R. Grehan concluded that Hepialus auratus Grote, 1878 and Phassus eldorado Pfitzner, 1906 are junior and subjective synonymies of Sthenopis pretiosus Herrich-Schäffer, [1856], and applied the rule of priority to change the names of H. auratus and P. eldorado to Sthenopis pretiosus.

The wingspan is 60–70 mm. The forewings are yellowish brown with several gold spots and an indistinct whitish, pinkish, or silvery band overlaid with small angular patches. The hindwings are light yellowish orange and unmarked.[7]

Food plants for this species include Athyrium, Dryopteris, and Matteuccia.

• Kirby, W. F. 1892. A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera (Moths). Vol. I, Sphinges and Bombyces. — London (Guerney & Jackson), Berlin (R. Friedländer), xii + 951 pp.
• Mielke, C.G.C. & Grehan, J. R. (2012): Catalogue of the Latin American Hepialidae with taxonomic remarks (Lepidoptera). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.)32: 131–158.
• Mielke, C.G.C. & Grehan, J.R. 2016. Description of a new species of Phassus Walker, 1856 from Costa Rica, Pallas, gen. n., with a new species from Guatemala, and taxonomic notes on Sthenopis Packard, [1865] (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae). European Journal of Entomology 7: 113-134.
• Nielsen, E. S. & Robinson, G. S. 1983. Ghost moths of southern South America (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Entomograph 4: 1–192.
• Nielsen, E. S., Robinson, G. S. & Wagner, D. L. 2000. Ghost-moths of the world: a global inventory and bibliography of the Exoporia (Mnesarchaeoidea and Hepialoidea) (Lepidoptera). Journal of Natural History, London 34: 823–878.
• Robinson, G.S. & Nielsen, E. S. 1984. Hepialidae. In Heppner, J. B. (ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 1. Micropterigoidea–Immoidea. — Den Haag (W. Junk), xxvii + 112 pp.
• Wagner, H. & Pfitzner, R. 1911. Hepialidae. In Aurivillius, C., & Wagner, H. (eds.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus 4. — Berlin (W. Junk), pp. 1–26.

• Hepialidae genera