Stigler diet
The Stigler diet is an optimization problem named for George Stigler, a 1982 Nobel laureate in economics, who posed the following problem:
For a moderately active man weighing 154 pounds, how much of each of 77 foods should be eaten on a daily basis so that the man’s intake of nine nutrients will be at least equal to the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) suggested by the National Research Council in 1943, with the cost of the diet being minimal?
The nutrient RDAs required to be met in Stigler's experiment were calories, protein, calcium, iron, as well as vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, and C. The result was an annual budget allocated to foods such as evaporated milk, cabbage, dried navy beans, and beef liver at a cost of approximately $0.11 a day in 1939 U.S. dollars.
While the name "Stigler Diet" was applied after the experiment by outsiders, according to Stigler, "No one recommends these diets for anyone, let alone everyone." The Stigler diet has been much ridiculed for its lack of variety and palatability; however, his methodology has received praise and is considered to be some of the earliest work in linear programming.
Linear programming problem
The Stigler diet question is a linear programming problem. Lacking any sophisticated method of solving such a problem, Stigler was forced to utilize heuristic methods in order to find a solution. The diet question originally asked in what quantities a 154-pound (70 kg) male would have to consume 77 different foods in order to fulfill the recommended intake of 9 different nutrients while keeping expenses at a minimum. Through "trial and error, mathematical insight and agility," Stigler was able to eliminate 62 of the foods from the original 77 (these foods were removed because they lacked nutrients in comparison to the remaining 15). From the reduced list, Stigler calculated the required amounts of each of the remaining 15 foods to arrive at a cost-minimizing solution to his question. According to Stigler's calculations, the annual cost of his solution was $39.93 in 1939 dollars (equivalent to $840 in 2022, or $2 per day, slightly under the international poverty line as housing, clothing and fuel are also needed to live).[1] The specific combination of foods and quantities is as follows:
| Food | Annual Quantities | Annual Cost |
|---|---|---|
| Wheat Flour | 370 lb (170 kg) | $13.33 |
| Evaporated Milk | 57 cans | $3.84 |
| Cabbage | 111 lb (50 kg) | $4.11 |
| Spinach | 23 lb (10 kg) | $1.85 |
| Dried Navy Beans | 285 lb (129 kg) | $16.80 |
| Total Annual Cost | $39.93 |
The 9 nutrients that Stigler's diet took into consideration and their respective recommended daily amounts were:
| Nutrient | Daily Recommended Intake |
|---|---|
| Calories | 3,000 Calories |
| Protein | 70 grams |
| Calcium | .8 grams |
| Iron | 12 milligrams |
| Vitamin A | 5,000 IU |
| Thiamine (Vitamin B1) | 1.8 milligrams |
| Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) | 2.7 milligrams |
| Niacin | 18 milligrams |
| Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) | 75 milligrams |
Seven years after Stigler made his initial estimates, the development of George Dantzig's Simplex algorithm made it possible to solve the problem without relying on heuristic methods. The exact value was determined to be $39.69 (using the original 1939 data). Dantzig's algorithm describes a method of traversing the vertices of a polytope of N+1 dimensions in order to find the optimal solution to a specific situation.
In 2014, Google chef Anthony Marco devised a recipe using a similar list of ingredients (with calf liver in place of evaporated milk), called "Foie Linéaire à la Stigler"; one Google employee described it as "delicious".[2]
References
- "CPI Inflation Calculator". data.bls.gov. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
- "Sudoku, Linear Optimization, and the Ten Cent Diet", Jon Orwant, 30 September 2014
External links
- The Cost of Subsistence by George Stigler (fulltext)
- "The Diet Problem" by George Dantzig