struct (C programming language)

The struct data type in C was derived from the ALGOL 68 struct data type.[2]

Like its C counterpart, the struct data type in C# (Structure in Visual Basic .NET) is similar to a class. The biggest difference between a struct and a class in these languages is that when a struct is passed as an argument to a function, any modifications to the struct in that function will not be reflected in the original variable (unless pass-by-reference is used).[3]

This differs from C++, where classes or structs can be statically allocated or dynamically allocated either on the stack (similar to C#) or on the heap, with an explicit pointer. In C++, the only difference between a struct and a class is that the members and base classes of a struct are public by default. (A class defined with the class keyword has private members and base classes by default.)

The general syntax for a struct declaration in C is:

struct tag_name {
   type member1;
   type member2;
   /* declare as many members as desired, but the entire structure size must be known to the compiler. */
};

Here tag_name is optional in some contexts.

Such a struct declaration may also appear in the context of a typedef declaration of a type alias or the declaration or definition of a variable:

typedef struct tag_name {
   type member1;
   type member2;
} struct_alias;

There are three ways to initialize a structure. For the struct type

/* Declare the struct with integer members x, y */
struct point {
   int x;
   int y;
};

C89-style initializers are used when contiguous members may be given.[4]

/* Define a variable p of type point, and initialize its first two members in place */
struct point p = { 1, 2 };

For non contiguous or out of order members list, designated initializer style[5] may be used

/* Define a variable p of type point, and set members using designated initializers */
struct point p = { .y = 2, .x = 1 };

If an initializer is given or if the object is statically allocated, omitted elements are initialized to 0.

A third way of initializing a structure is to copy the value of an existing object of the same type

/* Define a variable q of type point, and set members to the same values as those of p */
struct point q = p;

A struct may be assigned to another struct. A compiler might use memcpy() to perform such an assignment.

struct point {
    int x;
    int y;
};

int main(void)
{
    struct point p = { 1, 3 };        /* initialized variable */
    struct point q;                   /* uninitialized */
    q = p;                     /* copy member values from p into q */
    return 0;
}

Pointers can be used to refer to a struct by its address. This is useful for passing structs to a function. The pointer can be dereferenced using the * operator. The -> operator dereferences the pointer to struct (left operand) and then accesses the value of a member of the struct (right operand).

struct point {
   int x;
   int y;
};
struct point my_point = { 3, 7 };
struct point *p = &my_point;  /* p is a pointer to my_point */
(*p).x = 8;                   /* set the first member of the struct */
p->x = 8;                     /* equivalent method to set the first member of the struct */

• Bit field
• Flexible array member
• Passive data structure
• Union type