Newman–Keuls method

The Newman–Keuls method was introduced by Newman in 1939 and developed further by Keuls in 1952. This was before Tukey presented various definitions of error rates (1952a,[8] 1952b,[9] 1953[10]). The Newman–Keuls method controls the Family-Wise Error Rate (FWER) in the weak sense but not the strong sense:[11][12] the Newman–Keuls procedure controls the risk of rejecting the null hypothesis if all means are equal (global null hypothesis) but does not control the risk of rejecting partial null hypotheses. For instance, when four means are compared, under the partial null hypothesis that µ1=µ2 and µ3=µ4=µ+delta with a non-zero delta, the Newman–Keuls procedure has a probability greater than alpha of rejecting µ1=µ2 or µ3=µ4 or both. In that example, if delta is very large, the Newman–Keuls procedure is almost equivalent to two Student t tests testing µ1=µ2 and µ3=µ4 at nominal type I error rate alpha, without multiple testing procedure; therefore the FWER is almost doubled.[11] In the worst case, the FWER of Newman–Keuls procedure is 1-(1-alpha)^int(J/2) where int(J/2) represents the integer part of the total number of groups divided by 2.[12] Therefore, with two or three groups, the Newman–Keuls procedure has strong control over the FWER but not for four groups or more. In 1995 Benjamini and Hochberg presented a new, more liberal, and more powerful criterion for those types of problems: False discovery rate (FDR) control.[13] In 2006, Shaffer showed (by extensive simulation) that the Newman–Keuls method controls the FDR with some constraints.[14]

The assumptions of the Newman–Keuls test are essentially the same as for an independent groups t-test: normality, homogeneity of variance, and independent observations. The test is quite robust to violations of normality. Violating homogeneity of variance can be more problematic than in the two-sample case since the MSE is based on data from all groups. The assumption of independence of observations is important and should not be violated.

The Newman–Keuls method employs a stepwise approach when comparing sample means.[15] Prior to any mean comparison, all sample means are rank-ordered in ascending or descending order, thereby producing an ordered range (p) of sample means.[1][15] A comparison is then made between the largest and smallest sample means within the largest range.[15] Assuming that the largest range is four means (or p = 4), a significant difference between the largest and smallest means as revealed by the Newman–Keuls method would result in a rejection of the null hypothesis for that specific range of means. The next largest comparison of two sample means would then be made within a smaller range of three means (or p = 3). Unless there is no significant differences between two sample means within any given range, this stepwise comparison of sample means will continue until a final comparison is made with the smallest range of just two means. If there is no significant difference between the two sample means, then all the null hypotheses within that range would be retained and no further comparisons within smaller ranges are necessary.

Range of sample means

	${\displaystyle {\bar {X}}_{1}}$	${\displaystyle {\bar {X}}_{2}}$	${\displaystyle {\bar {X}}_{3}}$	${\displaystyle {\bar {X}}_{4}}$
Mean values	2	4	6	8
${\displaystyle {\bar {X}}_{1}=}$ 2		2	4	6
${\displaystyle {\bar {X}}_{2}=}$ 4			2	4
${\displaystyle {\bar {X}}_{3}=}$ 6				2

To determine if there is a significant difference between two means with equal sample sizes, the Newman–Keuls method uses a formula that is identical to the one used in Tukey's range test, which calculates the q value by taking the difference between two sample means and dividing it by the standard error:

${\displaystyle q={\frac {{\bar {X}}_{A}-{\bar {X}}_{B}}{\sqrt {\frac {MSE}{n}}}},}$

where ${\displaystyle q}$ represents the studentized range value, ${\displaystyle {\bar {X}}_{A}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\bar {X}}_{B}}$ are the largest and smallest sample means within a range, ${\displaystyle MSE}$ is the error variance taken from the ANOVA table, and ${\displaystyle n}$ is the sample size (number of observations within a sample). If comparisons are made with means of unequal sample sizes (${\displaystyle {n_{A}}\neq {n_{B}}}$), then the Newman–Keuls formula would be adjusted as follows:

${\displaystyle q={\frac {{\bar {X}}_{A}-{\bar {X}}_{B}}{\sqrt {{\frac {MSE}{2}}({\frac {1}{n_{A}}}+{\frac {1}{n_{B}}})}}},}$

where ${\displaystyle n_{A}}$ and ${\displaystyle n_{B}}$ represent the sample sizes of the two sample means. On both cases, MSE (mean squared error) is taken from the ANOVA conducted in the first stage of the analysis.

Once calculated, the computed q value can be compared to a q critical value (or ${\displaystyle q_{\alpha }\,_{\nu }\,_{p}}$), which can be found in a q distribution table based on the significance level (${\displaystyle \alpha }$), the error degrees of freedom (${\displaystyle \nu }$) from the ANOVA table, and the range (${\displaystyle p}$) of sample means to be tested.[16] If the computed q value is equal to or greater than the q critical value, then the null hypothesis (H₀: μ_A = μ_B) for that specific range of means can be rejected.[16] Because the number of means within a range changes with each successive pairwise comparison, the critical value of the q statistic also changes with each comparison, which makes the Neuman-Keuls method more lenient and hence more powerful than Tukey's range test. Thus, if a pairwise comparison was found to be significantly different using the Newman–Keuls method, it may not necessarily be significantly different when analyzed with Tukey's range test.[7][16] Conversely, if the pairwise comparison was found not to be significantly different using the Newman–Keuls method, it cannot be significantly different with Tukey's range test either.[7]

The Newman–Keuls procedure cannot produce a confidence interval for each mean difference, or for multiplicity adjusted exact p-values due to its sequential nature. Results are somewhat difficult to interpret since it is difficult to articulate what are the null hypotheses that were tested.

• Multiple comparisons
• Post-hoc analysis
• Tukey's range test