Subcomandante Marcos

Guillén was born on 19 June 1957, in Tampico, Tamaulipas, to Alfonso Guillén and Maria del Socorro Vicente.[11] He was the fourth of eight children.[1] A former elementary school teacher,[5] Alfonso owned a local chain of furniture stores, and the family is usually described as middle-class.[12][11] In a 2001 interview with Gabriel García Márquez and Roberto Pombo, Guillén described his upbringing as middle class and "without financial difficulties", and said his parents fostered a love for language and reading in their children.[13] While still "very young", Guillén came to know of and admire Che Guevara[14]— an admiration that would persist throughout his adulthood.[15]

Guillén attended high school at the Instituto Cultural Tampico, a Jesuit school in Tampico.[16][17] Later he moved to Mexico City and graduated from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), majoring in philosophy. There he became immersed in the school's pervasive Marxist rhetoric of the 1970s and 1980s and won an award for the best dissertation (drawing on the then-recent work of Althusser and Foucault) of his class. He began working as a professor at the Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM) while finishing his dissertation at UNAM, but left after a couple of years. It is thought that it was at UAM where he came into contact with, and subsequently joined the ranks of, with the Forces of National Liberation, the Maoist mother organization of what would later become the EZLN.

In 1984, he abandoned his academic career in the capital and left for the mountains of Chiapas to convince the poor, indigenous Mayan population to organize and launch a proletarian revolution against the Mexican bourgeoisie and the federal government.[18] After hearing his proposition, the Chiapanecans "just stared at him," and replied that they were not urban workers, and that from their perspective the land was not property, but the heart of the community.[18] In the documentary A Place Called Chiapas (1998), about his early days there, Subcommander Marcos said:

Imagine a person who comes from an urban culture. One of the world's biggest cities, with a university education, accustomed to city life. It's like landing on another planet. The language, the surroundings are new. You're seen as an alien from outer space. Everything tells you: "Leave. This is a mistake. You don't belong in this place"; and it's said in a foreign tongue. But they let you know, the people, the way they act; the weather, the way it rains; the sunshine; the earth, the way it turns to mud; the diseases; the insects; homesickness. You're being told. "You don't belong here." If that's not a nightmare, what is?

Debate exists as to whether Marcos visited Nicaragua in the years soon following the Sandinista Revolution that took place there in 1979, and, if he did, how many times and in what capacity. He is rumored to have done so, although no official documents (for example, immigration records) have been discovered to attest to this. Nick Henck argues that Guillén "may have journeyed" to Nicaragua, although to him the evidence appears "circumstantial".[19] Fernando Meisenhalter, drawing for the most part on the same evidence, is convinced that at least one trip, for non-military purposes, took place in 1980, and that a second, "very likely" involving "full military training", may also have been undertaken by Marcos "in 1982".[20]

Guillén's sister Mercedes Guillén Vicente is the Attorney General of the State of Tamaulipas, and an influential member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.[21][22][23][5]

Subcommander Marcos in Oaxaca on the Other Campaign in February 2006

The weeks, months and years that followed the January 1994 Zapatista uprising saw Marcos play an incredibly active role as spokesperson for the Zapatista movement. In doing so, he helped deter the Mexican government from eradicating the Zapatistas militarily by keeping the national and international media's attention fixed on the movement, and contributed to building bridges and forging solidarity with activist individuals and groups in Mexico and beyond.

The following is a list of events (in chronological order) that were either convened by the Zapatistas, and initiated, organized, orchestrated, or presided over by Marcos, or at which he played a major role; or events put on by other organizations at which Marcos acted as representative of, or spokesperson for, the Zapatistas (EZLN):[42]

• Peace Talks (March 1994)[43]
• National Democratic Convention (August 1994)
• The First National Indigenous Forum (January 1996)
• Meetings with Oliver Stone, Danielle Mitterrand and Régis Debray (April / May 1996)
• The Intercontinental Encuentro For Humanity and Against Neoliberalism (July / August 1996)
• The Zapatistas' Second Encuentro with Civil Society (May 1999)
• The March of the Color of the Earth / The March for Indian Dignity (February / March 2001)
• The Other Campaign (January—December 2006)
• Spanish Television (TVE) interview with Marcos by Jesús Quintero (June 2006)
• The First Encounter between the Zapatistas and the Peoples of the World (January 2007)
• The 12th Hispano-American Meeting of Writers "Hours of June" at Sonora University (June 2007)
• The "Ethics and Politics" Conference at the UNAM (June 2007)
• The National Forum Against Repression in Mexico City (June 2007)
• The Second Encounter between the Zapatistas and the Peoples of the World (July 2007)
• The "Latin America as seen from the Other Campaign" Round Table at the National School of Anthropology and History (July 2007)
• The "Confronting Capitalist Dispossession: The Defense of Land and Territory" The Press Club (July 2007)
• A Round Table at the University of the Earth in San Cristóbal (July 2007)
• The Encuentro of the Indigenous Peoples of America held in Sonora (October 2007)
• The First International Colloquium in Memory of Andrés Aubry: Planet Earth, Anti-systemic Movements (December 2007)[44]
• The National and International Caravan for Observation and Solidarity with Zapatista Communities (August 2008)[45]
• The Global Festival of Dignified Rage (January 2009)[46]
• The Celebration in Homage to Compañeros Luis Villoro Toranzo and Zapatista Teacher Galeano (May 2015)
• The Seminar on Critical Thought in the Face of the Capitalist Hydra (May 2015)[47]
• The ConSciences for Humanity (December 2016 – January 2017)
• The "Walls of Capital, the Cracks of the Left" Seminar (April 2017)
• ConSciences for Humanity Festival (December 2017)
• "To Watch, to Listen, to Speak: No Thinking Allowed?" Round Table Discussion (April 2018)
• The First "Puy ta Cuxlejaltic" Film Festival (November 2018)
• The Second "Puy ta Cuxlejaltic" Film Festival (December 2019)

A selection of Marcos' published writings in the original Spanish and translated into various other languages

Marcos's communiqués, in which he outlines his political and philosophical views, number in the hundreds. These writings, as well as his essays, stories and interviews, have been translated into numerous languages and published in dozens of edited collections and other compilations.[10] Of Marcos's writings, Jorge Alonso claims, "With over 10,000 citations, he has also made a dent in the academic world. Marcos' writings, as well as books based on him, have been referenced by a large number of researchers from different countries and in several languages."[48]

Much has been written about Marcos's literary style, in particular its poetic nature and his use of humor, especially irony.[49] He generally appears to prefer indirect expression, and his writings often take the form of fables or allegorical children's stories, though some are more earthy and direct. In a January 2003 letter to Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (the Basque ETA separatist group) titled "I Shit on All the Revolutionary Vanguards of This Planet", Marcos wrote, "We teach [children of the EZLN] that there are as many words as colors and that there are so many thoughts because within them is the world where words are born...And we teach them to speak with the truth, that is to say, to speak with their hearts."[50]

La Historia de los Colores (The Story of Colors) is on the surface a children's story, and is one of Marcos's most-read books. Based on a Mayan creation myth, it teaches tolerance and respect for diversity.[51] The book's English translation was to be published with support from the U.S. National Endowment for the Arts, but in 1999 the grant was abruptly canceled after a reporter brought the book's content and authorship to NEA chairman William J. Ivey's attention.[52][53] The Lannan Foundation stepped in and provided support after the NEA withdrew.[54]

In 2005, Marcos wrote the detective story The Uncomfortable Dead with the whodunit writer Paco Ignacio Taibo II. This crime novel bears "a pro-ecology, pro-democracy, anti-discriminatory (racial, gender, and sexual orientation), anti-neoliberal globalization, and anti-capitalist"[55] message.

Some of Marcos's works that best articulate his political philosophy include "The Fourth World War Has Begun" (1997), alternatively titled "Seven Loose Pieces of The Global Jigsaw Puzzle"; "The Fourth World War" (1999); The Sixth Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle (2005); the four-part "Zapatistas and the Other: The Pedestrians of History" (2006);[56] and Marcos's presentations in Critical Thought in the Face of the Capitalist Hydra and The Zapatistas' Dignified Rage: Final Public Speeches of Subcommander Marcos.

Flag of the EZLN

Marcos's literary output serves a political purpose, and even performs a combative function, as suggested in a 2002 book titled Our Word is Our Weapon, a compilation of his articles, poems, speeches, and letters.[57]

Marcos's views on Latin American leaders who formed the continent's Pink Tide are complex. For example, in interviews he gave in 2007 he signaled his approval of Bolivian president Evo Morales, but expressed mixed feelings toward Hugo Chavez of Venezuela, whom he labels "disconcerting" and views as too militant, but nonetheless responsible for vast revolutionary changes in Venezuela. He also called Brazil's current president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Nicaragua's current president Daniel Ortega, whom he once served under while a member of the Sandinistas, traitors who have betrayed their original ideals.[59][60]

In another interview, given to Jesús Quintero the previous year, however, when asked what he thought about the "pre-revolutionary situation" then existing in Latin America, and specifically about "Evo Morales. Hugo Chavez, Fidel Castro, etcetera", Marcos replied:

We are interested in those of below, not in the governments, nor in Chavez, nor in Kirchner, nor in Tabaré, nor in Evo, nor in Castro. We are interested in the processes which are taking place among the people, among the peoples of Latin America, and especially, out of natural sympathy, we are interested when these movements are led by Indian peoples, as is the case in Bolivia and in Ecuador…We say: "Governments come and go, the people remain"…Chavez will last for a time, Evo Morales will last for a time, Castro will last for a time, but the peoples, the Cuban people, the Bolivian people, the Argentine, the Uruguayan, will go on for a much longer time…[61]

This emphasis on bottom-up (as opposed to top-down) politics, and concentrating on the people over leaders, even leftwing or revolutionary ones, connects with Marcos's stance on revolution and revolutionaries. In the interview with Quintero mentioned above, when asked "...what does it mean to be revolutionary today?", Marcos responded:

The problem with being revolutionary is that the taking of power must be considered and one must think that things can be transformed from above. We do not think that: we think that society, and the world, should be transformed from below. We think we also have to transform ourselves: in our personal relations, in culture, in art, in communication…and create another kind of society…[62]

Ultimately, this has led Marcos to reject the label "revolutionary", preferring instead to self-identify as a "rebel", because

"…a revolutionary proposes fundamentally to transform things from above, not from below, the opposite to a social rebel. The revolutionary appears: We are going to form a movement, I will take power and from above will transform things. But not so the social rebel. The social rebel organizes the masses and from below, transforming things without the question of the seizure of power having to be raised.[63]

Elsewhere, in a communiqué, Marcos elaborates on what distinguishes a revolutionary from a rebel, noting how the revolutionary

...throws off whomever [sic] is sitting on the chair [of power] with one shot, sits down and … [t]here he remains until another Revolutionary … comes by, throws him off and history … repeats itself…[T]the rebel...on the other hand...runs into the Seat of Power…, looks at it carefully, analyzes it, but instead of sitting there he goes and gets a fingernail file and, with heroic patience, he begins sawing at the legs until they are so fragile that they break when someone sits down, which happens almost immediately.[64]

Despite his preference for rebels over revolutionaries however, Marcos has nevertheless expressed admiration for both Fidel Castro and Che Guevara.[59]

Marcos's popularity was at its height during the first seven years of the Zapatista uprising, A cult of personality developed around the Subcomandante based on the romantic premise of a rebel confronting the powerful in defense of society's underdogs, and an accompanying copious press coverage, sometimes called "Marcos-mania".[65] As a guest on 60 Minutes in March 1994, Marcos was depicted as a contemporary Robin Hood.[66]

Subcomandante Marcos featured on assorted magazine covers

Subcomandante Marcos featured on assorted book & DVD covers

That initial period, 1994–2001, saw reporters from all over the world coming to interview Marcos and do features on him. He was also courted by numerous famous figures and literati (e.g. Oliver Stone, Naomi Klein, Danielle Mitterrand, Regis Debray, Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, Juan Gelman, Gabriel García Márquez, José Saramago), and engaged in exchanges of letters with eminent intellectuals and writers (e.g. John Berger, Carlos Fuentes, Eduardo Galeano). Zapatista events Marcos presided over were attended by people from all over the world by the thousands, including media organizations, and he appeared on the front pages of innumerable magazines, and on the covers of many books and DVDs.

When, in February 1995, the Mexican government revealed Marcos's true identity and issued an arrest warrant for him, thousands marched through the streets of Mexico City chanting "We are all Marcos."

The following year (1996), saw a surge in the Subcommander's popularity and exposure in the media. He was visited by Oliver Stone, Danielle Mitterrand and Régis Debray, and he acted as host at the Intercontinental Encuentro For Humanity and Against Neoliberalism, which drew around 5,000 participants from 50 countries, including documentary makers, academics and reporters, some of whom published the interviews that Marcos granted them on the event's sidelines.[67]

The Subcommander also proved popular with certain musicians and bands. For example, Rage Against the Machine, the Mexican rock band Tijuana No!, Mexican singer-songwriter Óscar Chávez and French Basque singer-songwriter Manu Chao expressed their support for Marcos, and in some cases incorporated recordings of his speeches into their songs or concerts. His face appears on the cover of Thievery Corporation's album, Radio Retaliation.

Marcos experienced a general uptick in popularity in 2006 when he toured Mexico on the Other Campaign. On this 3,000-kilometre (1,900 mi) trek to the capital he was welcomed by "huge adoring crowds, chanting and whistling", while "Marcos handcrafted dolls, and his ski mask-clad face adorns T-shirts, posters and badges."[68]

By 2011, Mexican historian Enrique Krauze wrote that "Marcos [has] remained popular among young Mexicans, but as a celebrity, not as a role model".[69]

In May 2014, Marcos gave a speech in front of several thousand onlookers as well as independent media organizations in which, among other things, he explained that because back in 1994 "those outside [the movement] did not see us…the character named 'Marcos' started to be constructed", but that there came a point when "Marcos went from being a spokesperson to being a distractor", and so, convinced that "Marcos, the character, was no longer necessary", the Zapatistas chose to "destroy it".[70]

Marcos has been compared to popular figures such as England's folklore hero Robin Hood, Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata, Argentine guerrilla Che Guevara, India's pacifist independence leader Mahatma Gandhi, South African anti-apartheid icon Nelson Mandela, and even U.S. president John F. Kennedy in the 1960s, on account of his "popularity in virtually all sectors of Mexican society."[71]

Marcos is often credited with putting Mexico's indigenous population's poverty in the spotlight, both locally and internationally.[68] His popularity also served the Zapatista cause well in two very concrete ways. Most immediately, it deprived the Mexican government of the option of militarily crushing them. Second, Marcos was able to capitalize on his popularity to win public support, garner international solidarity, and attract media attention to the Zapatistas.

Marcos has continued to attract media attention, and to be seen both in the company of celebrities and as a celebrity himself. For example, he was photographed alongside Mexican actors Gael García Bernal and Ilse Salas in November 2018,[72] and Diego Luna in December 2019.[73]

Apart from cheering for local Liga MX side Chiapas F.C., which relocated to Querétaro in 2013, Subcomandante Marcos and the EZLN also support the Italian Serie A football club Inter Milan.[74] The contact between EZLN and Inter, one of Italy's biggest and most famous clubs, began in 2004 when an EZLN commander contacted a delegate from Inter Campus, the club's charity organization which has funded sports, water, and health projects in Chiapas.

In 2005, Inter's president Massimo Moratti received an invitation from Subcomandante Marcos to have Inter play a football game against a team of Zapatistas with Diego Maradona as referee. Subcomandante Marcos asked Inter to bring the match ball because the Zapatistas' ones were punctured.[75] Although the proposed spectacle never came to fruition, there has been continuing contact between Inter and the Zapatistas. Former captain Javier Zanetti has expressed sympathy for the Zapatista cause.[76]

• Anti-globalization
• Global justice movement
• Left-wing politics

Books (in English) specifically on Marcos

• Nick Henck, Subcommander Marcos: the Man and the Mask (Durham, NC, 2007)
• Daniela Di Piramo, Political Leadership in Zapatista Mexico: Marcos, Celebrity, and Charismatic Authority (Boulder, CO, 2010)
• Nick Henck, Insurgent Marcos: The Political-Philosophical Formation of the Zapatista Subcommander (Raleigh, NC, 2016)
• Fernando Meisenhalter, A Biography of the Subcomandante Marcos: Rebel Leader of the Zapatistas in Mexico (Kindle, 2017)
• Nick Henck, Subcomandante Marcos: Global Rebel Icon (Montreal, 2019)

Edited Collections (in English) of Marcos' Writings

• Autonomedia, ¡Zapatistas! Documents of the New Mexican Revolution (New York, 1994)
• Clarke, Ben and Ross, Clifton, Voices of Fire: Communiqués and Interviews from the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (San Francisco, 2000)
• Ross, John and Bardacke, Frank (eds.), Shadows of a Tender Fury: The Communiqués of Subcomandante Marcos and the EZLN (New York, 1995)
• Ruggiero, Greg and Stewart Shahulka (eds.), Zapatista Encuentro: Documents from the 1996 Encounter for Humanity and Against Neoliberalism (New York, 1998)
• Subcomandante Marcos, The Story of Colors / La Historia de los Colores (El Paso, 1999)
• Subcomandante Marcos, Our Word is Our Weapon. Juana Ponce de León (ed.), (New York, 2001)
• Subcomandante Marcos, Questions and Swords (El Paso, 2001)
• Subcomandante Marcos, Zapatista Stories. Transl. by Dinah Livingstone (London, 2001)
• Subcomandante Marcos, Ya Basta! Ten Years of the Zapatista Uprising. Žiga Vodovnik (ed.), (Oakland, CA, 2004)
• Subcomandante Marcos, Conversations with Durito: Stories of the Zapatistas and Neoliberalism (New York, 2005)
• Subcomandante Marcos, Chiapas: Resistance and Rebellion (Coimbatore, India, 2005)
• Subcomandante Marcos, The Other Campaign (San Francisco, 2006)
• Subcomandante Marcos, The Speed of Dreams (San Francisco, 2007)
• Subcomandante Marcos, Critical Thought in the Face of the Capitalist Hydra (Durham, NC, 2016)
• Subcomandante Marcos, Professionals of Hope: The Selected Writings of Subcomandante Marcos (Brooklyn, NY, 2017)
• Subcomandante Marcos, The Zapatistas' Dignified Rage: Final Public Speeches of Subcommander Marcos. Nick Henck (ed.) and Henry Gales (trans.), (Chico, CA, 2018)

Miscellaneous Books

• Appel, Kerry. "Interview with Subcommander Marcos of the EZLN." January 1997: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3pHmHbqqTk
• Autonomedia. "Testimonies of the First Day." (January 1994). In its ¡Zapatistas! Documents of the New Mexican Revolution, 62–69. New York: Autonomedia, 1994: http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/Zapatistas/chapter01.html
• Autonomedia. "Early Reports." (January 1994). In its ¡Zapatistas! Documents of the New Mexican Revolution, 71–75. New York: Autonomedia, 1994: http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/Zapatistas/chapter02.html
• Autonomedia. "Interview with Subcommander Marcos." (February 1994). In its ¡Zapatistas! Documents of the New Mexican Revolution, 141–166. New York: Autonomedia, 1994: http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/Zapatistas/chapter05.html
• Autonomedia. "Interview with Marcos Before the Dialogue." (February 1994). In its ¡Zapatistas! Documents of the New Mexican Revolution, 196–210. New York: Autonomedia, 1994: http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/Zapatistas/chapter07.html
• Autonomedia. "A Conversation with Subcommander Marcos After the Dialogue." (March 1994). In its ¡Zapatistas! Documents of the New Mexican Revolution, 247–253. New York: Autonomedia, 1994: http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/Zapatistas/chapter09.html
• Autonomedia. "Interview with Marcos." (April 1994). In its ¡Zapatistas! Documents of the New Mexican Revolution, 264–267. New York: Autonomedia, 1994: http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/Zapatistas/chapter10.html
• Autonomedia. "Interview with Subcommander Marcos." (May 1994). In its ¡Zapatistas! Documents of the New Mexican Revolution, 289–309. New York: Autonomedia, 1994: http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/Zapatistas/chapter11.html
• Bardach, Ann Louise. "Mexico's Poet Rebel: Subcomandante Marcos and Mexico in Chaos." Vanity Fair 57 (July, 1994): 68–74 and 130–135: http://bardachreports.com/articles/v_19940700.html
• Benjamin, Medea. "Interview: Subcomandante Marcos." In First World, ha ha ha!, edited by Elaine Katzenberger, 57–70. San Francisco: City Lights Publishers, 1995.
• Blixen, Samuel, and Carlos Fazio. "Interview with Marcos about Neoliberalism, the National State and Democracy." Struggle Archive: http://struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/inter_marcos_aut95.html
• Bradley, Ed. "Subcomandante Marcos, CBS News 60 Minutes." March 1994: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0-rPLK5JpA
• Calónico, Cristián. Marcos: palabras y historia / Word and History. DVD. Mexico City: Producciones Marca Diablo, 1996.
• de Huerta, Marta Duran, and Nicholas Higgins. "An interview with Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos, Spokesperson and Military Commander of the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN)." International Affairs 75, no. 2 (1999): 269–279.
• El Kilombo, Beyond Resistance: Everything: An Interview with Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos. Durham: Paperboat Press, 2007: http://www.elkilombo.org/wp-content/uploads/beyondresistance-8.5x11.pdf
• García Márquez, Gabriel, and Roberto Pombo. "The Punch Card and the Hour Glass: Interview with Subcomandante Marcos." New Left Review 9 (2001): 69–79: https://newleftreview.org/issues/II9/articles/subcomandante-marcos-the-punch-card-and-the-hourglass
• Landau, Saul. "In the Jungle with Marcos." (Interview). The Progressive, March 1996: https://www.thefreelibrary.com/In+the+jungle+with+Marcos.-a018049702
• Lupis, Marco. "Subcomandante Marcos: We shall overcome! (Eventually)." In his Interviews from the Short Century, 21–28. Montefranco: Tektime, 2018.
• McCaughan, Michael. "An Interview with Subcomandante Marcos." NACLA Report on the Americas 28, no. 1 (1995): 35–37.
• Monsiváis, Carlos, and Hermann Bellinghausen. "Marcos Interview." Struggle Archive. 8 January 2001: http://www.struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/2001/marcos_interview_jan.html
• Ovetz, Robert. "Interview with EZLN Sub-Comandante Marcos." 1 January 1994: http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/mexico/sp000645.txt
• Rage Against the Machine. "Interview with Marcos (from The Battle Of Mexico City)." January 1997: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5WekxAV9-0
• Ramos, Jorge. "Dilemmas of a Masked Guerrilla: Subcomandante Marcos." In his Take A Stand: Lessons from Rebels, 143–151. New York: Penguin, 2016.
• Rodríguez Lascano, Sergio. "The Extra Element: Organization: An Exclusive Interview with Zapatista Subcomandante Marcos: Part I." Rebeldía, 30 May 2006: http://www.narconews.com/Issue41/article1856.html
• Rodríguez Lascano, Sergio. "A Message for the Intellectuals and their "Magnificent Alibi to Avoid Struggle and Confrontation: An Exclusive Interview with Zapatista Subcomandante Marcos: Part II." Rebeldía, 31 May 2006: http://www.narconews.com/Issue41/article1857.html
• Rodríguez Lascano, Sergio. "A Different Path for Latin America Rides through Mexico: An Exclusive Interview with Zapatista Subcomandante Marcos: Part III." Rebeldía, 31 May 2006: http://www.narconews.com/Issue41/article1861.html
• Rodríguez Lascano, Sergio. "If You Listen, Mexico 2006 Seems a lot Like Chiapas in 1992: An Exclusive Interview with Zapatista Subcomandante Marcos: Part IV." Rebeldía, 1 June 2006: http://www.narconews.com/Issue41/article1865.html
• Simon, Joel. "The Marcos Mystery: A Chat with the Subcommander of Spin." In The Zapatista Reader, edited by Tom Hayden, 45–47. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002.
• Subcomandante Marcos. "First Interviews with Marcos." Struggle Archive. 1 January 1994: http://www.struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/marcos_interview_jan94.html
• Subcomandante Marcos. "Subcomandante Marcos: On Armed Struggle." In Voice of Fire (revised edition), eds. Ben Clarke and Clifton Ross, 64–45. San Francisco, CA: Freedom Voices, 1994 [2000].
• Subcomandante Marcos. "Subcomandante Marcos: On Origins." In Voice of Fire (revised edition), eds. Ben Clarke and Clifton Ross, 41–47. San Francisco, CA: Freedom Voices, 1994 [2000].
• Subcomandante Marcos. "Interview with Subcomandante Marcos." Struggle Archive. 11 May 1994: http://www.struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/marcos_interview_jan94.html
• Subcomandante Marcos. "December 1994 Interview with Marcos." Struggle Archive. 9 December 1994: http://www.struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/inter_marcos_dec94.html
• Subcomandante Marcos. "Interview with Marcos." Struggle Archive. 25 August 1995: http://www.struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/inter_marcos_consult_aug95.html
• Subcomandante Marcos. "Never Again A Mexico Without Us." Struggle Archive. 25 November 1997: http://www.struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/1997/marcos_inter_cni_feb.html
• Subcomandante Marcos. "15 Years Since the Formation of the EZLN." Struggle Archive. 16 November 1998: http://www.struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/1998/inter_marcos_nov98.html
• Subcomandante Marcos. "Bonus Feature: Interview". Zapatista. DVD (New York: Big Noise Films, 1998): Part 1 @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDLssf72C3Y; Part 2 @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcWolB5nIcc; and Part 3 @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMRyPnQGRks
• Subcomandante Marcos. "Bellinghausen Interviews Marcos about Consulta." Struggle Archive. 10 and 11 March 1999: http://struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/1999/inter_marcos_consul_mar.html
• Subcomandante Marcos. "Marcos on Peace, 3 Conditions and Globalisation." Struggle Archive. 28 January 2001: http://struggle.ws/mexico/ezln/1999/inter_marcos_consul_mar.html
• Subcomandante Marcos. Zapatistas: Crónica de una Rebelión (English Subtitles). DVD. Canalseisdejulio, 2003: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6j7e1uK5cQ
• Subcomandante Marcos. "A Time to Ask, a Time to Demand, and a Time to Act." In The Fire and The Word: A History of the Zapatista Movement, ed. Gloria Muñoz Ramírez, 278–314. San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books, 2008
• Subcomandante Marcos/Galeano. 1994. Netflix (limited series), 2019. Episode 2 "Revolution" @ 2:15–2:36, 5:20–5:38, 5:51–6:51, 11:20–12:20, 14:05–14:25, 17:12–17:38, & 26:27–26:54; Episode 4 "Eagle Knight" @ 0:43–1:08, & 43:28–43:42; Episode 5 "Round Earth" @ 11:12–11:31, 12:19–12:33, 14:11–14:32, 16:05–16:20, 16:42–16:51, & 17:35–17:41.
• Wild, Nettie. "Subcomandante Marcos interview from A place called Chiapas." A Place Called Chiapas: A Film. DVD (New York: Zeitgeist Films, 1998): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDULdQtX0u0