Sukjong of Goryeo
Sukjong of Goryeo (2 September 1054 – 10 November 1105) (r. 1095–1105) was the 15th ruler of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea.
| Sukjong of Goryeo 고려 숙종 高麗 肅宗 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King of Goryeo | |||||||||
| Reign | 1095–1105 | ||||||||
| Coronation | 1095 Junggwang Hall, Gaegyeong, Goryeo | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Heonjong of Goryeo | ||||||||
| Successor | Yejong of Goryeo | ||||||||
| Born | Wang Hui 2 September 1054 Yeonhwa Palace, Gaegyeong, Kingdom of Goryeo | ||||||||
| Died | 10 November 1105 (aged 51) Outside Jangpyeong Gate, Gaegyeong, Kingdom of Goryeo | ||||||||
| Burial | Yeongneung tomb | ||||||||
| Queen Consort | |||||||||
| Issue |
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| House | Wang | ||||||||
| Father | Munjong of Goryeo | ||||||||
| Mother | Queen Inye | ||||||||
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | |
|---|---|
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Sukjong |
| McCune–Reischauer | Sukjong |
| Birth name | |
| Hangul | |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Wang Hui, later Wang Ong |
| McCune–Reischauer | Wang Hŭi, later Wang Ong |
| Courtesy name | |
| Hangul | |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Cheonsang |
| McCune–Reischauer | Ch'ŏnsang |
| Posthumous name | |
| Hangul | |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Myeonghyo Daewang |
| McCune–Reischauer | My'ŏngh'yo Taewang |
Sukjong rose to the throne in 1095 upon the abdication of his young nephew, Heonjong. He oversaw various internal innovations, including the distribution of the country's first brass coins (in 1102) and the construction of the new Southern Capital (Namgyeong, present-day Seoul).
However, he was also faced by threats from without, most notably an 1104 invasion by the northern Jurchen tribes. Unable to repel the Jurchens by force, he sent his general Yun Gwan to raise an army and repulse them. This army is known as Byeolmuban and consisted of three separate divisions. Sukjong died the following year, while on the way to the western capital, Pyongyang. Challenges of Sukjong's reign can be summarized in his own words:[1]
Since I was entrusted with the affairs of the state, I have always endeavoured to cautiously maintain diplomatic ties with Liao in the north and serve the Song in the south, while these days the Jurchen in the east have become enemies to be reckoned with. Making the people comfortable is the first imperative of military and political affairs, so all unnecessary corvée duties must be abolished in order for the people to live comfortably!
Family
- Father: Munjong of Goryeo
- Grandfather: Hyeonjong of Goryeo
- Grandmother: Queen Wonhye
- Mother: Queen Inye
- Grandfather: Yi Ja-yeon (이자연)
- Grandmother: Lady, of the Gyeongju Kim clan (부인 경주 김씨)
- Consorts and their Respective issue(s):
- Queen Myeongui of the Chŏngju Yu clan (명의왕후 유씨; d. 1112)
- Crown Prince Wang U (태자 왕우; 1079–1122)
- Wang Pil, Marquess Sangdang (왕필 상당후; d. 1099)[2]
- Wang Jing-eom (왕징엄; 1090–1141)[3]
- Wang Bo, Duke Daebang (왕보 대방공; d. 1128)[4]
- Wang Hyo, Duke Daewon (왕효 대원공; 1093–1161)
- Wang Seo, Duke Jean (왕서 제안공; d. 1131)[5]
- Wang Gyo, Marquess Tongui (왕교 통의후; 1097–1119)[6]
- Princess Daeryeong (대령궁주; d. 1114)
- Princess Heungsu (흥수궁주; d. 1123)
- Princess Ansu (안수궁주)
- Princess Boknyeong (복녕궁주; 1096–1133)
- Unknown
- Wang Hyeon-eung (왕현응)
References
- R. E. Breuker, Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918–1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty, (Brill, Leiden, 2010), p.252
- He was born around 1085–1089 when his father was still the "Duke Gyerim" and became a marquess in 1098 along with received "2000 sik-eup" (2천호 식읍, 食邑) and "300 siksilbong" (300호 식실봉, 食實封), but died a year later on 31 October 1099 (15th days 9th months 1099 in lunar calendar) and received his Posthumous name, Sunsang (순상, 順殤; "Serene and Passed Away Prematurely").
- He was born in 1090 when his father was still "Duke Gyerim" with the name Jing-gil (징길, 澄佶), but then changed into Jing-eom (징엄, 澄儼) to honoured Emperor Huizong of Song's personal name "Gil" (길, 佶) since at that time, it was a sin to have the same name as the ruler. Jingeom was said to never want have a gold or jade since young. In 1097, he met his uncle–Uicheon at Heungwang Temple (흥왕사) and shaved his hair to become a Buddhist monk as his student a year later. After that, he received the Upasampadā (구족계) at Buril Temple (불일사). In 1102, he moved to Junggwang Temple (중광사) under his father's command and received his Pen name "Bokse" (복세, 福世) in 1105. He was the head monk of Heungwang Temple, Gaetae Temple (개태사), and Gwisin Temple (귀신사). Yet, due to an illness, he resigned from the Heungwang Temple in 1118, which he then lived at Sungseon Temple (숭선사). In 1131, King Injong requested Jingeom to back to Heungwang Temple and treated him respectfully like other royals. Meanwhile, Jingeom died in 1141 (21st days 4th months in Lunar calendar) and was named Wonmyeongguksa (원명국사, 圓明國師; "National Preceptor Tactful and Bright"). He was cremated at the southern foot of Cheondeok Mountain or west of the Heungwang Temple in the same year, while his remains were buried in the northern hill of Yaksan village, Seungcheon-bu, also his epitaph was written by Gwon Jeok (권적) under the king's command.
- He firstly received his name, " Bo" (보, 俌) in 1102 and formally became a marquess in 1106 along with received "2,000 sik-eup" (2천호 식읍) and "300 sik-sil" (3백호 식실). Three years later, he became a duke and received "3,000 sik-eup" (3천호 식읍). He also held the position of Suchunggongsin Sutaewi (수충공신 수태위) in 1110 and Bongsungongsin Sutaebo (봉순공신 수태보) in 1114. However, in 1122, Yi Ja-gyeom (이자겸) executed Han An-in (한안인) and exiled both Wang Bo and Wang Hyo to Gyeongsan-bu (nowadays is Seongju County, North Gyeongsang Province). Six years later, Wang Bo was supposed to return to Gaegyeong under King Injong's command, but died not long after that. The king closed the inquiry for three days while mourning and honoured Wang Bo with "5,000 sik-eup" (5천호 식읍) and "500 sik-sil" (5백호 식실), also his Posthumous name, Yanggan (양간, 良簡; "Virtuous and Uncomplicated"). Wang Bo had a son, Wang Yu the Prince Yeongnyeong (영녕군 왕유, 永寧君 王瑜) who married his first cousin, Princess Gyeongchang (경창원주, 敬昌院主) and had a son, Wang Gong the Marquess Soseong (소성후 왕공).
- He firstly received his name, "Seo" (서, 偦) in 1103 and formally became a marquess in 1106 along with received "2,000 sik-eup" (2천호 식읍) and "200 sik-sil" (2백호 식실). Two years later, he held a banquet to console Yun Gwan (윤관) and O Yeon-chong (오연총) after they conquered the Jurchens under his brother's command. In 1110, Wang Seo was appointed as Bonghwagongsin Susado (봉화공신 수사도) and received "3,500 sik-eup" (3천5백호 식읍). He was a Sutaewi (수태위) and received "3,000 sik-eup" (3천호 식읍) and 250 sik-sil (2백5십호 식실) from 1114–5. Then, in 1122, he formally became a duke. Yet, in the same year, Yi Ja-gyeom (이자겸) executed Han An-in (한안인) and Mun Gong-in (문공인) alongside exiled both Wang Bo and Wang Hyo, which Wang Seo became worried and eliminated all his servants so that he could spend years drinking without meeting anyone. In 1131 (9th years reign of king Injong), Wang Seo died and then received his Posthumous name, Sajeol (사절, 思節; "Thinking and Integrity"). Although his wife is unknown, he had a son, Wang Jang (왕장) who often went to Heungwang Temple (흥왕사) with Injong's son–Wang Chunghui and was mad at King Uijong's treatment towards them while died shortly after that in 1155.
- He was said to have an intelligent and sharp personality, also enjoyed learning. In 1103, he firstly received his name and title, then in 1106, he formally became a marquess. Four years later, he became a Susado (수사도) and Sutaewi (수태위) in 1114. However, he died at the age of 23 and received his Posthumous name, Yeongjang (영장, 英章; "Outstanding and Well-known"). He had a daughter, Princess Gyeongchang (경창원주, 敬昌院主) who married her first cousin, Wang Yu the Prince Yeongnyeong (영녕군 왕유) and had a son, Wang Gong the Marquess Soseong (소성후 왕공).
- 숙종 (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia.
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