Summit of the Americas

The Summit of the Americas (SOA) is an international summit meeting that brings together the leaders of countries in the Organization of American States (OAS). Cuba was expelled from the OAS under pressure from the United States after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Cuba participated in the 2015 summit in Panama, and sent its foreign minister to the subsequent 2018 summit in Peru.[1][2] In the early 1990s, the formerly ad hoc summits were institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade.[3] The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the OAS, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner at the 5th Summit of the Americas (Port-of-Spain)

The last summit to take place was the 9th Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles, United States of America from June 8–10, 2022. Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Cuba were not invited to the 2022 Summit. Mexico did not attend the event in protest at the exclusion of the three countries.[4]

List of summits
SummitDatesHost CountryHost CityHost leaderJoint Statement
1stDecember 9–11, 1994 United States[5]MiamiBill Clinton
2ndApril 18–19, 1998 Chile[6]SantiagoEduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
3rdApril 20–22, 2001 Canada[7]Quebec CityJean Chrétien
SpecialJanuary 12–13, 2004 Mexico[8]MonterreyVicente Fox
4thNovember 4–5, 2005 Argentina[9]Mar del PlataNéstor Kirchner
5thApril 17–19, 2009 Trinidad and Tobago[10][11]Port-of-SpainPatrick Manning
6thApril 14–15, 2012 Colombia[12]CartagenaJuan Manuel Santos Calderón
7thApril 10–11, 2015 Panama[13]Panama CityJuan Carlos Varela
8thApril 13–14, 2018 Peru[14]LimaMartín Vizcarra
9thJune 6–10, 2022 United States[15]Los AngelesJoe BidenLos Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection

The events that garnered the most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata summits (3rd and 4th respectively), both of which provoked very large anti-globalization and anti-Free Trade Area of the Americas protests and attendant police response.

OAS member states
Main article: Member states of the Organization of American States

All 35 independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS.

NationCapital cityHDI
(2019 estimate
for 2018)[16]		Official or National
language(s)		 Heads of government
 Antigua and BarbudaSt. John's0.776English Gaston Browne
 ArgentinaBuenos Aires0.830Spanish Alberto Fernández
 The BahamasNassau0.805English Philip Davis
 BarbadosBridgetown0.813English Mia Mottley
 BelizeBelmopan0.720English Johnny Briceño
 BoliviaSucre0.703Spanish Luis Arce
 BrazilBrasília0.761Portuguese Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
 CanadaOttawa0.922English, French Justin Trudeau
 ChileSantiago0.847Spanish Gabriel Boric
 ColombiaBogota0.761Spanish Gustavo Petro
 Costa RicaSan José0.794Spanish Rodrigo Chaves Robles
 CubaHavana0.778Spanish Miguel Díaz-Canel
 DominicaRoseau0.724English Roosevelt Skerrit
 Dominican RepublicSanto Domingo0.745Spanish Luis Abinader
 EcuadorQuito0.758Spanish Guillermo Lasso
 El SalvadorSan Salvador0.667Spanish Nayib Bukele
 GrenadaSt. George's0.763English Dickon Mitchell
 GuatemalaGuatemala City0.651Spanish Alejandro Giammattei
 GuyanaGeorgetown0.670English Irfaan Ali
 HaitiPort-au-Prince0.503French, Haitian Creole Ariel Henry
 HondurasTegucigalpa0.623Spanish Xiomara Castro
 JamaicaKingston0.726English Andrew Holness
 MexicoMexico City0.767Spanish Andrés Manuel López Obrador
 NicaraguaManagua0.651Spanish Daniel Ortega
 PanamaPanama City0.795Spanish Laurentino Cortizo
 ParaguayAsuncion0.724Spanish, Guarani Mario Abdo Benítez
 PeruLima0.759Spanish Dina Boluarte
 Saint Kitts and NevisBasseterre0.777English Terrance Drew
 Saint LuciaCastries0.745English Philip J. Pierre
 Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesKingstown0.728English Ralph Gonsalves
 SurinameParamaribo0.724Dutch Chan Santokhi
 Trinidad and TobagoPort of Spain0.799English Keith Rowley
 United StatesWashington D.C.0.920English Joe Biden
 UruguayMontevideo0.808Spanish Luis Lacalle Pou
 VenezuelaCaracas0.726Spanish Nicolás Maduro

Non-members

The following jurisdictions are not members of the OAS as they are dependencies of other nations. They are grouped under the nation that has sovereignty over them.

Sovereign state Jurisdiction Dependency type
 Denmark  Greenland Autonomous country
 France  French Guiana Overseas region
 Guadeloupe Overseas region
 Martinique Overseas region
 Saint Barthélemy Overseas collectivity
 Saint Martin Overseas collectivity
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Overseas collectivity
 Netherlands  Aruba Constituent country
 Bonaire Public body
 Curaçao Constituent country
 Saba Public body
 Sint Eustatius Public body
 Sint Maarten Constituent country
 United Kingdom  Anguilla Overseas territory
 Bermuda Overseas territory
 British Virgin Islands Overseas territory
 Cayman Islands Overseas territory
 Falkland Islands Overseas territory
 Montserrat Overseas territory
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Overseas territory
 Turks and Caicos Islands Overseas territory
 United States  Puerto Rico Unincorporated organized commonwealth
 U.S. Virgin Islands Unincorporated organized territory

See also

References
  1. Prieto, Alfredo (April 15, 2009). "verybody But Cuba". Havana Times.
  2. "Cuba's Raul Castro skips Summit of the Americas". 13 April 2018.
  3. Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World. Greenwood Publishing. p. 382. ISBN 9780865692886.
  4. "Excluded from Americas Summit, Venezuela's Maduro visits Turkey". France 24. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  5. I summit (1st)
  6. II summit (2nd)
  7. III summit (3rd)
  8. Special summit
  9. IV summit (4th)
  10. V summit (5th)
  11. http://www.fifthsummitoftheamericas.org/
  12. VI summit (6th)
  13. VII summit (7th)
  14. PERÚ, Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA. "Peru President attends Summit of the Americas opening ceremony". andina.pe. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  15. House, The White (January 19, 2022). "President Biden Announces Host City for Ninth Summit of the Americas". The White House. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  16. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Programme. 2019. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5. Retrieved 23 February 2020.

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