Food drying

Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried (dehydrated or desiccated). Drying inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold through the removal of water. Dehydration has been used widely for this purpose since ancient times; the earliest known practice is 12,000 B.C. by inhabitants of the modern Middle East and Asia regions.[2] Water is traditionally removed through evaporation by using methods such as air drying, sun drying, smoking or wind drying, although today electric food dehydrators or freeze-drying can be used to speed the drying process and ensure more consistent results.[3]

1890 newspaper advertisement showing tin of dried coconut
rows of fish hang from string, drying in the sun
Flattened fish drying in the sun in Madagascar. Fish are preserved through such traditional methods as drying, smoking and salting.[1]
A whole potato, sliced pieces (right), and dried sliced pieces (left), 1943.

Food types
A collection of dried mushrooms
Sun-drying octopus

Many different foods can be prepared by dehydration. Meat has held a historically significant role. For centuries, much of the European diet depended on dried cod—known as salt cod, bacalhau (with salt), or stockfish (without). It formed the main protein source for the slaves on the West Indian plantations, and was a major economic force within the triangular trade. Dried fish most commonly cod or haddock, known as Harðfiskur, is a delicacy in Iceland, while dried reindeer meat is a traditional Sami food. Dried meats include prosciutto (Parma ham), bresaola, biltong and beef jerky.

Dried fruits have been consumed historically due to their high sugar content and sweet taste, and a longer shelf-life from drying.[4] Fruits may be used differently when dried. The plum becomes a prune, the grape a raisin. Figs and dates may be transformed into different products that can either be eaten as they are, used in recipes, or rehydrated.

Freeze-dried vegetables are often found in food for backpackers, hunters, and the military. Garlic and onion are often dried and stored with their stalks braided. Edible mushrooms and fungi are sometimes dried for preservation or to be used as seasonings.

Preparation

Home drying of vegetables, fruit and meat can be carried out with electrical dehydrators (household appliance) or by sun-drying or by wind.[5] Preservatives such as potassium metabisulfite, BHA, or BHT may be used, but are not required. However, dried products without these preservatives may require refrigeration or freezing to ensure safe storage for a long time.

Industrial food dehydration is often accomplished by freeze-drying. In this case food is flash frozen and put into a reduced-pressure system which causes the water to sublimate directly from the solid to the gaseous phase. Although freeze-drying is more expensive than traditional dehydration techniques, it also mitigates the change in flavor, texture, and nutritional value. In addition, another widely used industrial method of drying of food is convective hot air drying. Industrial hot air dryers are simple and easy to design, construct and maintain. More so, it is very affordable and has been reported to retain most of the nutritional properties of food if dried using appropriate drying conditions.[6]

Hurdle technology is the combination of multiple food preservation methods. Hurdle technology uses low doses of multiple food preservation techniques in order to ensure food is not only safe but is desirable visually and texturally.

Packaging

Packaging ensures effective food preservation. Some methods of packaging that are beneficial to dehydrated food are vacuum sealed, inert gases, or gases that help regulate respiration, biological organisms, and growth of microorganisms.

Other methods
This electric food dehydrator has a hot air blower that blows air through trays with foods on them. Pictured are mango and papaya slices being dried.

There are many different methods for drying,[7] each with their own advantages for particular applications. These include:

See also

References
  1. Grandidier (1899), p. 521
  2. "Historical Origins of Food Preservation". Accessed June 2011.
  3. Rahman, M. Shafiur, ed. (2007). Handbook of Food Preservation (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 9781420017373.
  4. Trager, James (1997). The Food Chronology: A Food Lover's Compendium of Events and Anecdotes from Prehistory to the Present. Henry Holt. ISBN 978-0805052473.
  5. "Food Dehydrator reviews". www.dehydratorjudge.com. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  6. Onwude, Daniel I.; Hashim, Norhashila; Janius, Rimfiel B.; Nawi, Nazmi Mat; Abdan, Khalina (2016-02-04). "Modeling the thin-layer drying of fruits and vegetables: A review" (PDF). Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 15 (3): 599–618. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12196. PMID 33401820.
  7. Si X, Chen Q, Bi J, Wu X, Yi J, Zhou L, Li Z (2016). "Comparison of different drying methods on the physical properties, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of raspberry powders". J Sci Food Agric. 96 (6): 2055–62. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7317. PMID 26108354.
  8. Onwude, Daniel I.; Hashim, Norhashila; Chen, Guangnan (2016-10-30). "Recent advances of novel thermal combined hot air drying of agricultural crops". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 57 (A): 132–145. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.09.012. Retrieved 2017-03-25.


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