Swyer–James syndrome

Swyer–James syndrome (SJS), also called Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome, is a disease of the lungs, characterized by a small lung or part of lung.[1] Typical symptoms are of recurrent respiratory tract infections, but some have no symptoms.[2]

Not to be confused with Swyer syndrome or McLeod syndrome.
Swyer–James syndrome
Other namesSwyer–James–Macleod's syndrome[1]
Swyer–James syndrome of the left (smaller) lung, virtual CT-bronchography.
SpecialtyPulmonology
SymptomsOften no symptoms, sometimes shortness of breath on exertion, wheeze, reduced ability to exercise, cough, chest pain[2]
CausesChildhood bronchiolitis obliterans[2]
Diagnostic methodmedical imaging[2]
TreatmentBronchodilators[1]
FrequencyRare[2]

As a result of childhood bronchiolitis obliterans, typically following adenovirus infection, there is a reduction in blood vessels and overextended alveoli, resulting in air trapping in one or part of one lung.[1]

It is rare.[2]

Signs and symptoms

Often, there are no symptoms and the disease is detected when investigating another problem. Sometimes there is shortness of breath on exertion, wheeze, reduced ability to exercise, cough and chest pain.[2]

Cause and mechanism

Swyer–James syndrome is a manifestation of postinfectious obliterative bronchiolitis.[2] In SJS, the involved lung or portion of the lung does not grow normally and is slightly smaller than the opposite lung.[3] The characteristic radiographic appearance is that of pulmonary hyperlucency, caused by overdistention of the alveoli in conjunction with diminished arterial flow.[4][5] and has been linked to adenovirus type 21, a type of adenovirus infection.[6]

Diagnosis

In appearance Swyer–James normally leaves shadowing in a CT scan in the upper lobar regions of one or (rarely) both lungs. People with the illness operate in much the same way as patients with mild bronchiectasis. As a result, the illness can go undiagnosed for some time. With current pharmaceutical developments, the prognosis is good for sufferers of the illness to lead normal and healthy lives.

History

It was found by English chest physician William Mathiseon MacLeod,[7] and (simultaneously) by physician Paul Robert Swyer and radiologist George James in the 1950s in Canada.[8][2]

References
  1. Dalpiaz, Giorgia; Cancellieri, Alessandra (2017). Atlas of Diffuse Lung Diseases: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Springer. p. 248. ISBN 978-3-319-42750-8.
  2. Behrendt, Anna; Lee, Yi (2022). "Swyer-James-MacLeod Syndrome". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32119329. Archived from the original on 2022-05-03. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  3. Wood, Beverly P (5 March 2019). "Swyer-James Syndrome Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography". www.emedicine.medscape.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  4. Khalil KF, Saeed W (March 2008). "Swyer-James-MacLeod Syndrome". Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 18 (3): 190–2. PMID 18460255.
  5. Gopinath A, Strigun D, Banyopadhyay T (2005). "Swyer-James syndrome". Connecticut Medicine. 69 (6): 325–7. PMID 16184857.
  6. Kliegman, Robert; Richard M Kliegman (2006). Nelson essentials of pediatrics. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-0-8089-2325-1.
  7. Macleod, W. M. (1954). "Abnormal transradiancy of one lung". Thorax. 9 (2): 147–153. doi:10.1136/thx.9.2.147. PMC 1019360. PMID 13179127.
  8. Swyer, P. R.; James, G. C. W. (1953). "A Case of Unilateral Pulmonary Emphysema". Thorax. 8 (2): 133–136. doi:10.1136/thx.8.2.133. PMC 1019253. PMID 13077508.
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