TCP window scale option

The throughput of a TCP communication is limited by two windows: the congestion window and the receive window. The congestion window tries not to exceed the capacity of the network (congestion control); the receive window tries not to exceed the capacity of the receiver to process data (flow control). The receiver may be overwhelmed by data if for example it is very busy (such as a Web server). Each TCP segment contains the current value of the receive window. If, for example, a sender receives an ack which acknowledges byte 4000 and specifies a receive window of 10000 (bytes), the sender will not send packets after byte 14000, even if the congestion window allows it.

TCP window scale option is needed for efficient transfer of data when the bandwidth-delay product (BDP) is greater than 64 KB[1]. For instance, if a T1 transmission line of 1.5 Mbit/second was used over a satellite link with a 513 millisecond round-trip time (RTT), the bandwidth-delay product is ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle 1,500,000\times 0.513=769,500}$ bits or about 96,187 bytes. Using a maximum buffer size of 64 KB[1] only allows the buffer to be filled to (65,535 / 96,187) = 68% of the theoretical maximum speed of 1.5 Mbit/second, or 1.02 Mbit/s.

By using the window scale option, the receive window size may be increased up to a maximum value of ${\displaystyle 1,073,725,440\ \scriptstyle \left(=(2^{16}-1)\times (2^{14})=65,535\times 16,384)\right)}$ bytes. This is done by specifying a two byte shift count in the header options field. The true receive window size is left shifted by the value in shift count. A maximum value of 14 may be used for the shift count value. This would allow a single TCP connection to transfer data over the example satellite link at 1.5 Mbit/second utilizing all of the available bandwidth.

Essentially, not more than one full transmission window can be transferred within one round-trip time period. The window scale option enables a single TCP connection to fully utilize an LFN with a BDP of up to 1 GB, e.g. a 10 Gbit/s link with round-trip time of 800 ms.

Because some firewalls do not properly implement TCP Window Scaling, it can cause a user's Internet connection to malfunction intermittently for a few minutes, then appear to start working again for no reason. There is also an issue if a firewall doesn't support the TCP extensions.[2]