Tabanus nigrovittatus

Tabanus nigrovittatus, also known as the greenhead horse fly, salt marsh greenhead, or simply the greenhead fly, greenhead or greenfly,[7][8] is a species of biting horse-fly commonly found around the coastal marshes and wetlands of the Eastern United States. They are smaller than most horsefly species, instead being close in size to a common housefly. The biting females are a considerable pest to both humans and animals while they seek a source of blood protein to produce additional eggs:[9] greenhead larvae develop in the mud of salt marshes, and adult flies mate and lay their first group of eggs in the marsh, but to lay more eggs a female fly needs to drink an animal's blood, and so female greenheads which have laid eggs fly inland to look for prey in the area bordering the marsh; they can stay on land looking for animals to bite for up to four weeks.[9] Their bites are more painful than those of mosquitoes, since greenheads feed by cutting a wound in the skin with scissor-like mouth parts and sucking the blood released through it.[10] Females live for three to four weeks and may lay about 100 to 200 eggs per blood meal.[11] The eggs are laid on the grass in a salt marsh; the larvae live in the intertidal mud of the salt marsh for one or two years, preying on other invertebrates, before pupating in early spring.[9][12] The adult flies emerge in late spring and are most common from late June to August.[9][12][13]

Tabanus nigrovittatus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Tabanidae
Subfamily:	Tabaninae
Tribe:	Tabanini
Genus:	Tabanus
Species:	T. nigrovittatus
Binomial name
Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart, 1847[1]
Synonyms
Tabanus allynii Marten, 1883[2] Tabanus contactus Walker, 1850[3] Tabanus floridanus Szilády, 1926[4] Tabanus fulvilineis Philip, 1958[5] Tabanus simulans Walker, 1848[6]

Greenheads are large enough that their population cannot be controlled with insecticide without damaging the ecosystem.[9] Affected coastal communities install black box traps in marsh areas to reduce and control T. nigrovittatus populations.[10][14]