Takeshi Hirayama

Takeshi Hirayama (平山 雄, Hirayama Takeshi, January 1, 1923 – October 26, 1995) was a Japanese cancer epidemiologist and anti-tobacco activist who served as the chief of the epidemiology division at the National Cancer Center in Tokyo from 1965 until 1985. He has been credited with publishing the first study linking passive smoking to lung cancer, and also conducted research on the relationship between certain dietary factors and cancer.

Early life and education

Hirayama was born on January 1, 1923, in Kyoto, Japan.[1] When he was three, his father, Tohshi Hirayama, became professor of surgery at Manchuria Medical College, which led to him and his family moving to the city of Harbin in China.[2] Hirayama graduated from Manchuria Medical College in 1945, and received a degree in medical science from Kyoto University in 1951 and a Master of Public Health degree from Johns Hopkins University in 1952.[1]

Career

In 1946, Hirayama moved to Tokyo, where he took a job at the Japanese National Institute of Hygiene.[2] In 1959, he moved to New York City to study the association between tobacco smoking and lung cancer at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.[2] In 1965, he was appointed the chief of the epidemiology division at the National Cancer Institute (also known as the National Cancer Centre) in Tokyo.[2] He remained in this position until 1985.[1] Soon afterward, he designed a large cohort study of over 260,000 subjects, known as the "six prefecture" cohort study, which he continued to follow up until he retired.[2] During his career, he became a prominent figure in the anti-smoking movement, and supported many anti-smoking activities by non-governmental organizations.[2]

Research

Secondhand smoke

In 1981, Hirayama published a study of 265,000 people which found an association between exposure to secondhand smoke and an increased risk of lung cancer.[3][4][5] This study has been described as "one of the most frequently cited studies in regulatory proceedings, risk assessments, and the media" with regard to secondhand smoke.[6] It has also been described as the first study linking secondhand smoke to lung cancer in nonsmokers,[7] although two other studies were published around the same time with similar findings.[8] In an attempt to discredit the study and protect their interests, the tobacco industry decided to produce a study of their own, dubbed the "Japanese spousal study", with the aim of fraudulently refuting Hirayama's findings.[6][9] In addition, the Tobacco Institute responded to Hirayama's 1981 study by writing a letter to his superior criticizing the study, despite knowing that Hirayama's work was absolutely correct.[8][7] In 1984, Hirayama published a cohort study of 265,118 adults which reached conclusions similar to those of his 1981 study, namely, that non-smoking wives of smoking husbands were at an increased risk of lung cancer and ischemic heart disease.[10][11]

Diet and cancer

Hirayama also studied the relationship between green and yellow vegetable consumption and a decreased risk of certain cancers.[1][2][11] He also published a number of studies linking increased consumption of meat, eggs, butter, and cheese to an increased risk of breast cancer.[12]

Honors and awards

In 1988 and 1993, Hirayama received the WHO commemorative medal on tobacco or health.[2] In 1989, he received the Ramazzini Award from the Collegium Ramazzini "for his contributions to the knowledge of the role of lifestyle in the genesis of cancer".[13]

Personal life

Hirayama's hobbies included painting and sketching.[2] He died on October 26, 1995.[1] He was survived by his wife, Yukiko, and their two sons.[2]

  • Kessler, Gladys (August 17, 2006). "United States of America v. Philip Morris et al.: Final Opinion of Judge Gladys Kessler" (PDF). United States District Court for the District of Columbia.

References
  1. Wynder, Ernst L. (January 1996). "In Memorium". Nutrition and Cancer. 25 (2): 218. doi:10.1080/01635589609514444.
  2. "Obituaries". BMJ. 311 (7017): 1429–1430. November 1995. PMC 2551293.
  3. Hirayama, T (17 January 1981). "Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 282 (6259): 183–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.282.6259.183. PMC 1503989. PMID 6779940.
  4. Altman, Lawrence K. (16 January 1981). "Cancer Study Reports High Risk for Wives of Smoking Husbands". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  5. "Medicine: Tobacco Wars". Time. 6 July 1981. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  6. Hong, M.-K. (14 December 2002). "How the tobacco industry responded to an influential study of the health effects of secondhand smoke". BMJ. 325 (7377): 1413–1416. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7377.1413. PMC 1124865. PMID 12480862.
  7. Steinzor, Rena (2006). Rescuing Science from Politics: Regulation and the Distortion of Scientific Research. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780521855204.
  8. Ong, E; Glantz, SA (2000). "Hirayama's work has stood the test of time" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 78 (7): 938–9. PMC 2560803. PMID 10994268. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2015.
  9. Kessler 2006, p. 1364
  10. Hirayama, Takeshi (1984). Lung Cancer: Causes and Prevention. Verlag Chemie International. pp. 175–95. ISBN 9780895731357.
  11. Information, Reed Business (March 1985). "Friendship is a good health guide". New Scientist. 105 (1448): 42–44. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  12. Robbins, John (1987). Diet for a New America. HJ Kramer. p. 264. ISBN 9780915811816.
  13. "Ramazzini Award". Collegium Ramazzini. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
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