Tallgrass Technologies

Tallgrass Technologies Corporation was an American computer hardware company that was the first to offer a hard disk drive product for the IBM PC in 1981.[1]: 179 [2]: 262  Tallgrass was a Kansas City based microcomputer hardware and software company founded in December 1980 by David M. Allen. The hard disk drive product was initially sold in Computerland stores, alongside the original IBM PC. Tallgrass added tape-backup systems to its product line in 1982.

Tallgrass was significant in the history of the PC because IBM shipped its PCs for almost two years without any hard-drive option. The IBM name attracted the makers of larger, professional software products that required a hard-drive's speed and capacity. The early availability of the Tallgrass hard-drives enabled those software products to make earlier entrances into the PC market. The parallel introductions, of the IBM PC with the Tallgrass hard-drive, catalyzed the growth of the PC market compared to what it would have been without the hard-drive option.

Tallgrass was one of Seagate's earliest customers, initially purchasing ST-506 drives from Shugart Technology before the name changed to Seagate. The Tallgrass product was designed around the ST-506 hard drive, which required a separate controller between the drive and the computer (unlike hard drives today.) Tallgrass also briefly bought ST-506 drives from Seagate's licensee, Texas Instruments.[3] Later, Tallgrass bought most of its drives from Miniscribe and for a while was Miniscribe's largest customer.

History

While at a previous employer, Allen had developed a floppy disk controller and, in early 1980, a prototype hard disk controller. Both used an unusual, all-digital phase-locked loop[4] data-separator that he patented.[5] Both controller designs used GCR-encoding, which supported slightly higher linear densities and enabled higher storage capacities than conventional MFM. During a recession, in December 1980 Allen left that employer to form Tallgrass, with his former employer's permission to take the controller designs and another employee, a programmer, with him. Tallgrass' initial revenue stream in 1981 was provided by a contract with SofTech Microsystems for development of the 68000 interpreter for the UCSD Pascal software system. Allen had previously written the 6809 interpreter for UCSD Pascal, before starting Tallgrass.

By the spring of 1981 the hard disk controller design was complete. Tallgrass initially tried marketing Allen's unorthodox hard disk controller alone, to system manufacturers. In mid-1981 it was decided to instead market a complete, external hard-disk subsystem (hard-drive + controller) to computer dealers. Tallgrass first developed subsystems for the Xerox 820 computer, for an Alpha Microsystems computer, and was working on an Apple IIe version when IBM announced the PC in August 1981.

A partner in the local, Lenexa, Kansas Computerland store, Jim Fricke,[6] gave Allen access to their IBM PC demonstrator when it arrived on a Friday, a few weeks before IBM's PCs became available for sale. Allen needed to develop an interface-card and a device-driver to give the PC a connection to and access to the Tallgrass subsystem.

Allen discovered Tallgrass had already developed the IBM PC DOS device driver. As part of the previous development of its subsystem for the Alpha Microsystems computer, Tallgrass had developed a device driver for Seattle Computer Products' 86-DOS[7] operating system. 86-DOS was renamed PC DOS when Microsoft bought the rights and licensed it to IBM. With information gleaned from Computerland's IBM PC demonstrator, Allen designed and built a prototype interface card over the weekend and successfully tested the card and the PC DOS driver in the store on the following Monday.

Tallgrass was able to supply its hard disk subsystems for the PC, in production quantities in November 1981,[1]: 179 [8]: 122 [9] almost immediately after IBM started revenue shipments of PCs, in October. This was because Tallgrass' product was already in production and needed only the simple interface card and PC DOS driver software to attach it to the IBM PC. The same Computerland store's other partner, Bruce Burdick, was a member of the Computerland chain's New Products Committee and helped get the Tallgrass product embraced by Computerland nationwide.

With IBM's entry into the market, Allen invited a friend, Steven B. Volk[10][11] to join Tallgrass as Executive V.P. of Sales and Marketing. Volk was Tallgrass' fourth employee, hired at the end of 1981 after he finished dental school. Volk assembled a sales organization and started an advertising campaign, initially incorporating pictures of macaws that he and his wife raised in their home.

With the support of Computerland and helped by high gross margins of up to 35%, Tallgrass grew very rapidly. Early in 1982, Allen added a tape backup product to the product line, another first for PCs. This first tape-backup product used out-sourced Archive Corporation tape drive mechanisms and 3M cartridges. Later, Tallgrass opened a facility in Boulder, Co., to develop and manufacture smaller tape-backup drives. Allen's patented, all-digital phase-locked loop circuit was used once again, this time in controlling the speed of the tape-drive's motor.

The manufacturing cost of the disk and tape controllers was low because Allen's unorthodox controller design was shared by both disk and tape and, being 100% digital including the data-separator, it was easily reduced to a single LSI microchip. Gross revenue peaked in mid-1985 at an annualized rate of $70M and there were 400 employees at the start 1986.[12] By this time significant competition had arrived and Tallgrass' sales had plateaued.

To finance Volk's plan to revive sales growth with an enlarged marketing push, Allen accepted the overtures of venture capital. In mid-1986, Gateway Associates L.P. in St. Louis took the lead and brought in the major investor, Reimer and Koger Assoc., pension fund advisor for KPERS (the Kansas Public Employees Retirement System.) Sales continued to falter and profits sagged while management and investors disagreed over a course of action.[13]

In mid-1987 the investors forced Allen out and took control of the company.[10] Volk left later the same year to go to PrairieTek.[14] Allen brought the investors a $4M buyout offer from CMS Enhancements, a California competitor. A letter of intent[15] was signed in July but allowed to expire in August.[16][17] By November 1987 the investments reportedly totaled $7M, employment was down to 130, and annual sales revenue far below $40M.[18]

Tallgrass had 1992 sales of $9.3M and was "said to be profitable."[19] In 1993 the investors sold what was left of Tallgrass to Exabyte Corp. for $1.5M.[19][20] By that time, KPERS investments in Tallgrass totaled over $14M.[21]

Not long after the acquisition, Exabyte sold the "Tallgrass Technologies" name to the former Tallgrass V.P. of International Sales, Jim Worrell,[22] who then renamed his own import/export company using the Tallgrass name. Today his company has new ownership and a different charter but continues operating under the Tallgrass Technologies LLC name.

References
  1. McPhee, M. B. (November 13, 1984). "Tallgrass Success a Result of the Unconventional". PC Week. Ziff-Davis. 1 (45): 179–1980 – via Gale.
  2. Machrone, Bill (December 1983). "Tallgrass Hard Disks: Megabytes of Euphoria". PC Magazine. Ziff-Davis. 2 (7): 258–271.
  3. "Seagate ST-506". 9th paragraph. Retrieved 2 September 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  4. "Build a digital PLL with three ICs". EDN. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  5. "U S Patent: 4245264". USPTO. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  6. "Six inducted into UMR Academy of Electrical and Computer Engineering". Missouri University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  7. Paterson, Tim. "A Short History of MS-DOS". Paterson Technology. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  8. Lewis, Geoff (June 15, 1984). "IBM add-ons add up to multibillion dollar market". Electronic Business. Reed Business Information. 10 (9): 118–122 – via the Internet Archive.
  9. Tallgrass Technologies (October 10, 1985). "Tallgrass sells more hard disk storage with cartridge tape back up than anyone in the world!". Practical Computing (Advertisement). Electrical-Electronic Press. 8 (10): 24–25 – via the Internet Archive.
  10. Cuff, Daniel. "Tallgrass Gets a New President". Business. paragraph 3: The New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  11. http://www.vmedia.net/pr-back-volk.php Steven B. Volk:VMedia
  12. Rosenberg, Martin (July 8, 1987). "California firm announces plan to buy Tallgrass". The Kansas City Times.
  13. Siegmann, Ken (July 7, 1987). "Disagreement Over Corporate Philosophy Results in Executives' Dismissal at Tallgrass". PC Week. p. 129.
  14. Forgrieve, Janet (November 9, 2002). "ENTREPRENEUR GRASPS VALUE OF TIMING, RISK". ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  15. "Acquires Maker of Tape Backup Systems : CMS Enhancements to Expand Its Line". Los Angeles Times. July 8, 1987. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  16. Rosenberg, Martin (August 22, 1987). "Bid to Buy Tallgrass is Shelved". The Kansas City Times.
  17. Tighe, John. "CMS's Tallgrass Acquisition Plan Falls Through". The L.A. Times. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  18. Rosenberg, Martin (November 19, 1987). "Tallgrass Technologies says business turnaround is near". The Kansas City Times. p. D-3.
  19. Zipper, Stuart. "Exebyte, Everex in buy/sell sprees". Electronic News. IDG. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  20. Schroeder, Erica (February 8, 1993). "Exabyte to purchase pair of mass-storage manufacturers". PC Week. Vol. 10, no. 5. p. 118.
  21. "The Clinton Pension Grab". Policy Analysis. U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  22. "Jim Worrell". LinkedIn. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
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