Taq Kasra

Tāq Kasrā (Arabic: طاق كسرى, romanized: ṭāq kisrā), also transcribed as Taq-i Kisra or Taq-e Kesra (Persian: طاق کسری, romanized: tâğe kasrâ) or Ayvān-e Kesrā[1] (Persian: ایوان خسرو, romanized: Eivâne Xosrow, meaning Iwan of Khosrow) are the remains of a Sasanian-era Persian monument, dated to the c. 3rd to 6th-centuries, which is sometimes called the Arch of Ctesiphon.[2] It is located near the modern town of Salman Pak, Iraq. It was the facade of the main palace in Ctesiphon, and is the only visible remaining structure of the ancient capital city. The archway is considered a landmark in the history of architecture,[1] and is the second largest single-span vault of unreinforced brickwork in the world after Gavmishan Bridge.[3]

Taq Kasra
Native name
طاق كسرى
Tāq Kasrā in 2022
LocationAsbanbar quarter of Ctesiphon, Al-Mada'in, modern Iraq
Coordinates33°5′37″N 44°34′51″E
Height37 m (121 feet)
Builtca. 3rd-6th century AD
Architectural style(s)Iranian architecture
Taq Kasra is located in Iraq
Taq Kasra
Location in Ctesiphon, modern Iraq

History

The exact time of the structure's construction is not known with certainty. Some historians believe it was constructed under Shapur I who ruled Sassanian Persia from 242 to 272 AD[4] and some other believe that construction possibly began during the reign of Anushiruwan the Just (Khosrow I)[5] after a campaign against the Byzantines in 540 AD.[6] The arched iwan hall, open on the facade side, was about 37 meters high, 26 meters across and 50 meters long, the largest man-made, free standing vault constructed until modern times.[7]

The arch was part of the imperial palace complex. The throne room—presumably under or behind the arch—was more than 30 m (110 ft) high and covered an area 24 m (80 ft) wide by 48 m (160 ft) long. The top of the arch is about 1 meter thick while the walls at the base are up to 7 meters thick.[6] The catenary arch was built without centring.[6] In order to make this possible a number of techniques were used.[6] The bricks were laid about 18 degrees from the vertical which allowed them to be partially supported by the rear wall during construction.[6] The quick drying cement used as mortar allowed the fresh bricks to be quickly supported by those that were previously laid.[6]

The Taq Kasra is now all that remains above ground of a city that was, for nine centuries—from the 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD — the main capital of the successor dynasties of the Persian empire: Parthians and Sassanids. The structure left today was the main portico of the audience hall of the Sassanids who maintained the same site chosen by the Parthians and for the same reason, namely proximity to the Roman Empire, whose expansionist aims could be better contained at the point of contact.

The structure was captured by the Arabs during the conquest of Persia in 637.[6] They then used it as a mosque for a while until the area was gradually abandoned.[6] In the early 10th century, the Abbasid caliph al-Muktafi dug up the ruins of the palace to reuse its bricks in the construction of the Taj Palace in Baghdad.[8]

The monument is also the subject of a poem by Khaqani, who visited the ruins in the 12th century.[1]

Modern era

In 1851, French artist Eugène Flandin visited and studied the structure with Pascal Coste[9] who remarked "the Romans had nothing similar or of the type".[10]

In 1888, a serious flood demolished the greater part of the edifice.[11]

In 1940, the British writer Roald Dahl, then undergoing pilot training at RAF Habbaniya near Baghdad[12] took an award-winning photograph using a Zeiss camera of the Arch of Ctesiphon in Iraq which was subsequently auctioned by the Dahl family to raise funds for the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre.[13] The photo made £6,000. In his autobiography Boy he writes:

You may not believe it, but when I was eighteen I used to win prizes and medals from the Royal Photographic Society in London, and from other places like the Photographic Society of Holland. I even got a lovely big bronze medal from the Egyptian Photographic Society in Cairo, and I still have the photograph that won it. It is a picture of one of the so-called Seven Wonders of the World, the Arch of Ctesiphon in Iraq. This is the largest unsupported arch on earth and I took the photograph while I was training out there for the RAF in 1940. I was flying over the desert solo in an old Hawker Hart biplane and I had my camera round my neck. When I spotted the huge arch standing alone in a sea of sand, I dropped one wing and hung in my straps and let go of the stick while I took aim and clicked the shutter. It came out fine.[13]

The monument was in the process of being rebuilt by Saddam Hussein's government in the course of the 1980s, when the fallen northern wing was partially rebuilt. All works, however, stopped after the 1991 Persian Gulf War. From 2004 to 2008 the Iraqi government cooperated with the University of Chicago's Diyala Project to restore the site at a cost of $100,000.[14] The Ministry of Culture also invited a Czech company, Avers, to restore the site. This restoration was completed in 2017.[15]

On March 7, 2019, a partial collapse further damaged the Taq Kasra, just two years after its latest restoration was completed.[15]

In January 2021, Iranian Minister of Cultural Heritage Ali Asghar Mounesan mentioned that a credit of about $600,000 would be required for the restoration of Taq Kasra.[16]

Documentary film

In 2017, Pejman Akbarzadeh, based in the Netherlands, made the first full-length documentary film about Taq Kasra: Taq Kasra: Wonder of Architecture. The monument had been in danger of ISIS attacks in 2015-2016; Akbarzadeh feared that it might be destroyed soon, and therefore felt urgency to film his documentary.[17] The film explores the history and architecture of Taq Kasra with prolific scholars and archaeologists in various countries.[18]

  • Taq Kasra Gallery
  • 1824 drawing by Captain Hart
    1824 drawing by Captain Hart
  • 1864 photograph
    1864 photograph
  • 1923 Iraqi postage stamp, designed by Marjorie Maynard, featuring the arch
    1923 Iraqi postage stamp, designed by Marjorie Maynard, featuring the arch
  • 1950 photograph
    1950 photograph
  • 2009: Iraqi officials and American military officers discuss plans to renovate the existing structures.
    2009: Iraqi officials and American military officers discuss plans to renovate the existing structures.
  • 2016 photograph
    2016 photograph
  • The National Museum of Iran, the architecture of which is adopted from that of Taq-i Kasra
    The National Museum of Iran, the architecture of which is adopted from that of Taq-i Kasra
  • Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq
    Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq
  • Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq
    Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq
  • Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq
    Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq
  • Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq
    Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq
  • Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq
    Taq Kasra, Madain, Iraq
  • Ctesiphon, 1932
    Ctesiphon, 1932

See also

References
  1. Keall, E. J. (1987). "AYVĀN-E KESRĀ". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/2: Awāʾel al-maqālāt–Azerbaijan IV. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 155–159. ISBN 978-0-71009-114-7.
  2. Farrokh, Kaveh. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Oxford: Osprey, 2007
  3. Chris, ed. (2008). Taq-I-Kasra (Arch of Ctesiphon). worldheritagesite.
  4. Schmidt, J.H (1934). "L'expédition de Ctésiphon en 1931-1932". Syria. 15: 1–23. doi:10.3406/syria.1934.3732. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  5. Because of the vicissitudes of historical transmission, eventually no less than four Sasanian rulers were quoted as its builders: Shapur I (241–273), Shapur II (310–379), Khosrau I Anushirvan (531–579) and Khosrau II Parvez (590–628). Kurz, Otto (1941). "The Date of the Ṭāq i Kisrā". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. (New Series). 73 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00093138. JSTOR 25221709.
  6. Reade, Dr Julian (1999). Scarre, Chris (ed.). The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient world The Great Monuments and How they were Built. Thames & Hudson. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0-500-05096-1.
  7. Wright, G. R. H., Ancient building technology vol. 3. Leiden, Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV. 2009. 237. Print.
  8. Le Strange, Guy (1922). Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate: from contemporary Arabic and Persian sources (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 253–254.
  9. Briant, Pierre. "Ctesiphon, palais sassanide". achemenet. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  10. "Master Builders: Influence of Sassanid Architecture Reached far Beyond their Borders - Kaveh Farrokh". kavehfarrokh.com. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  11. "Taq Kasra: The Archway of Ctesiphon". amusingplanet.com. 22 March 2016.
  12. GOING SOLO by Roald Dahl
  13. Dahl, Roald. "Boy: Tales of Childhood". Archived from the original on 2015-06-11.
  14. "Diyala Project | The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago". oi.uchicago.edu.
  15. "Taq Kasra Partially Collapses | Taq Kasra : 3rd-century Persian Monument in Iraq".
  16. "Magnificent Taq Kasra to be restored by Iranian budget, expertise". Tehran Times. 12 January 2021.
  17. "Taq Kasra: Wonder of Architecture". SOAS Centre for Iranian Studies. Retrieved 2019-08-30.
  18. "Taq Kasra Documentary Film". TaqKasra.com. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
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